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CSEC BIOLOGY > B20: Important definitions to remember > Flashcards

B20: Important definitions to remember Flashcards

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1
Q
A
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2
Q

What is an allele?

A

alternate form of a gene that occupies the same position on a particular chromosome and controls the same character

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3
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The combination of of alleles present in genome of organism.

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4
Q

What is a locus?

A

The specific location of a gene on a chromosome.

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5
Q

What is a carrier?

A

A person carrying an allele that is not expressed (recessive allele in heterozygotes) but is capable of passing on allele to offspring.

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6
Q

What is linkage?

A

When 2 or more genes are located on the same chromosome and are always inherited together, unless crossing over occurs in meiosis.

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7
Q

What is sex-linkage?

A

A characteristic which is controlled by a gene which is located on a sex chromosome (either X or Y).

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8
Q

What is monohybrid inheritance?

A

Inheritance of a characteristic controlled by a single gene.

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9
Q

what is mitosis?

A

A type of cell division where two genetically identical cells known as clones, are formed

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10
Q

what is meiosis?

A

a type of cell division where 4 genetically diferent cells are formed, each with the haploid number(n) of chromosomes.

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11
Q

What is DNA?

A

The nucleic acid that contains all genetic information

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12
Q

what is a chromosome?

A

threads of DNA in the nucleus that are surrounded by proteins(histones), and that carry genes.

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13
Q

what is artificial selection

A

process by which organisms with desired traits are selected and bred by humans

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14
Q

What is natural selection?

A

natural process by which organisms that are better adapted to their environment tend to flourish and produce more offspring

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15
Q

What is variation ?

A

It is the differences between individuals

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16
Q

What are the two main types of variation ?

A
  • Continuous - e.g. Height, where there is a smooth range of measurements
  • Discontinuous - e.g. Blood group, where there are distinct categories with no values in between
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17
Q

What was Darwin’s theory ?

A
  • there will be a struggle for existence because organisms over reproduce, resources will be limited
  • Some will be better adapted to their environment than others because they vary
  • those who are best adapted to survive reproduce in great numbers, the less well adapted do not reproduce as much
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18
Q

genotype + environmental influences = __________

A

phenotype

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19
Q

Definition of a species

A

group of organisms that closely resemble each other and are capable breeding to produce fertile offspring.

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20
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

The transfer of genes form one organism to another.

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21
Q

what is an autosome?

A

A chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

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22
Q

what is a synapse?

A

tiny gap between the synaptic knobs of an axon and the dendrites or cell body of adjacent neurones

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23
Q

definition of a stimulus

A

a change in the environment of an organism that causes a response

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24
Q

define a response

A

the change the whole or part of an organism as result of a stimulus

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25
Q

what is a receptor

A

the part of an organism that detects a stumulus

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26
Q

what are sense organs?

A

organs that contain receptors

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27
Q

what is an effector

A

the part of an organism that responds to a stimulus

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28
Q

what are nerve impulses

A

electrical impulses that travel along a neurone

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29
Q

what is a reflex action?

A

a rapid, automatic involuntary response to a stimulus by a muscle or gland

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30
Q

definition of a drug

A

a chemical substance that affects the functioning of the body

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31
Q

What is the apical meristem

A

The apical meristem is the region of dividing cells located at the tips of a plant’s shoots and at the ends of the plant’s roots?

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32
Q

what is a petiole?

A

the stalk that attaches the leave blade to a stem

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33
Q

What is a period ?

A

when the lining of the uterus sheds from the woman’s body

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34
Q

What is a period ?

A

when the lining of the uterus sheds from the woman’s body

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35
Q

What is a follicle ?

A

A fluid filled sack that contains an egg 🍳

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36
Q

Define reproduction

A

the process by which living organisms generate new individuals of the same kind as themselves

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37
Q

What is puberty ?

A

The time that secondary sexual characteristics occur

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38
Q

Ovulation

A

Ovulation is the release of a mature egg (ovum) from the ovary

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39
Q

what is a zygote?

A

A diploid cell resulting form the fusion of 2 haploid cells.

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40
Q

what is a zygote?

A

A diploid cell resulting form the fusion of 2 haploid cells.

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41
Q

Ovulation

A

Ovulation is the release of a mature egg (ovum) from the ovary

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42
Q

What is puberty ?

A

The time that secondary sexual characteristics occur

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43
Q

Define reproduction

A

the process by which living organisms generate new individuals of the same kind as themselves

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44
Q

What is a follicle ?

A

A fluid filled sack that contains an egg 🍳

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45
Q

Definition of immunity

A

temporary or permanent resistance to pathogens

46
Q

what is artificial immunity?

A

immunity adquired by vaccination

47
Q

what is a vaccine?

A

a substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide artificial immunity against diseases.

48
Q

what is an antitoxin?

A

antibodies that neurtalize toxins

49
Q

what is vaccination?

A

process by which vaccines are introduced in to the body to stimulate immunity against certain pathogens.

50
Q

what is natural immunity ?

A

forms of defence we inherit, eg. blood clotting, phagocytosis

51
Q

When the heart muscle contract this is known as (1)__________ and when it relaxes this is know as (2)__________

A
  1. systole
  2. diastole
52
Q

what is meant by double circulation?

A

blood flows through the heart twice during one complete circulation around the body and consists of the pulmonary circulation and the sytemic circulation.

53
Q

What is transpiration?

A

transiration is the evaporation of water at the surface of the leaf

54
Q

How does water move through plants

A

water moves by a combination of

  • root pressure
  • transpiration
  • capillarity
55
Q

Explain the mechanism of translocation using the numbers on the diagram

A
  1. sugars made in cells enter the seive tube by active transport
  2. water moves from the adjacent xylem vessels by osmosis because the sugar concentration is high in the phloem
  3. turgor pressure increases due to water entering
  4. tugor pressure pushes the solution through the seive plates
  5. sugars move from the seive tubes to into the cells of the sugar sink by active transport.
  6. water is drawn out of the seive tube into the xylem vessels by suction created by the transpiration stream
  7. turgor pressure decreased due to water leaving the seive tubes. the difference in pressure between 3 and 7 creates a pressure gradient which keeps the sugars moving in solution.
56
Q

what is the transpiration stream?

A

the flow of water through a plant, from the roots to the leaves, via the xylem vessels.

57
Q

definition of translocation in plants

A

Translocation is the movement of organic food from leaves to other tissues throughout the plant.

58
Q

what is movement?

A

action in which an organism or part of an organism changes in position or place

59
Q

Definition of locomotion

A
  • locomotion is the movement of the whole body from one place to another
60
Q

what is tropism?

A

growth movements

61
Q

explain geotropism

A
  • auxins slow growth in the root, so growth is slowed where there is increased concentration of auxins and vice versa.
  • Auxin accumulates on the lower side due to gravity.
  • The side with less auxin will grow faster and so roots will always grow downward toward gravity.
62
Q

Definition of an auxin

A

a plant hormone that causes the elongation of cells in shoots and is involved in regulating plant growth.

63
Q

what is excretion?

A

the process by which waste and harmful substances produced by the chemical reactions in the body are removed from the body

64
Q

What is selective reabsorbtion?

A

The absorption of some of the useful components of the glomerular filtrate back into the blood as the filtrate flows through the nephrons of the kidney.

65
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

the maintenance of near normal internal conditions in the body by mechanisms of negative feedback

67
Q

feedback?

A

Negative feedback involves contolling a system, monitoring the effects of change and continually making adjustments.

68
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

a type of regulation in biological systems in which the end product of a process in turn reduces the stimulus of that same process.

69
Q

Definition of respiration

A

process by which energy is released from food.

70
Q

Definition of respiration

A

process by which energy is released from food.

71
Q

what is gaseous exchange?

A

process by which oxygen diffuses into, and carbon dioxide diffuses out of an organism, through a gaseous exchange surface

72
Q

what is breathing?

A

movements in animals that bring oxygen to the gaseous exchange surface and remove carbon dioxide from the gaseous exchange surface.

73
Q

what is breathing?

A

movements in animals that bring oxygen to the gaseous exchange surface and remove carbon dioxide from the gaseous exchange surface.

74
Q

what is gaseous exchange?

A

process by which oxygen diffuses into, and carbon dioxide diffuses out of an organism, through a gaseous exchange surface

75
Q

what is nutrition?

A

process by which living organisms obtain food

76
Q

define photosynthesis

A

process by which green plants convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose using sunlight energy

77
Q

define digestion

A

process by which food is broken down into simple soluble food molecules that can be absorbed by the body

78
Q

define absorbtion

A

the soluble molecules of digestion move into the body fluids and cells

79
Q

define assimilation

A

the absorbed molecules are used by the cells for their different metablic processes.

80
Q

define egestion

A

undigested food is expelled from the body

81
Q

define peristalsis

A

the movement of food through through alimentary canal by contraction of the circular muscles behind the bolus of food.

82
Q

Definition of growth

A

The permanent increase in size of an organism

83
Q

what is germination?

A

the process by which the embryonic plant in a seed grows into a seedling

84
Q

what is an apical meristem?

A

unspecialised dividing cells at the tip of the roots and shoots

85
Q

what is the lateral meristem

A

cylinders of tissue that extends the the lenght of the shoot and root

86
Q

Define disease

A

disease is a condition that impairs the normal functioning of cells, tissues and organs thereby damaging the health of the body

87
Q

What is a physiological disease?

Give 4 examples.

A

A physiological disease is a disease cause by malfunctioning of the organs of the body.

Examples: Hypertension; diabetes; cancer, Parkinsons disease; stroke; heart disease

88
Q

what is a vector?

Give 4 examples of vectors

A

a vector is an organism that carries pathogens in or on its body from person to person but itself not being affected.

  • houseflies
  • mosquitos
  • rats
  • fleas
89
Q

what is metamorphosis?

A

complete metamorphosis is a complete change in the appearance of an organism during its growth and development

90
Q

What is the primary host?

A

the target host ie the host that the pathogen makes ill.

91
Q

What is diabetes?

A

a physiological disease where the control of blood glucose is abnormal

92
Q

what is hypertension?

A

Hypertension is a physiological disease in which the pressure in the arteries is higher that normal

93
Q

what is artificial immunity?

A

immunity adquired by vaccination

94
Q

what is a vaccine?

A

a substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide artificial immunity against diseases.

95
Q

what is an antitoxin?

A

antibodies that neurtalize toxins

96
Q

what is vaccination?

A

process by which vaccines are introduced in to the body to stimulate immunity against certain pathogens.

97
Q

what is natural immunity ?

A

forms of defence we inherit, eg. blood clotting, phagocytosis

98
Q

Types of immunity

A
99
Q

classify immunity

A
100
Q

Define disease

A

disease is a condition that impairs the normal functioning of cells, tissues and organs thereby damaging the health of the body

101
Q

What is a physiological disease?

Give 4 examples.

A

A physiological disease is a disease cause by malfunctioning of the organs of the body.

Examples: Hypertension; diabetes; cancer, Parkinsons disease; stroke; heart disease

102
Q

what is a vector?

Give 4 examples of vectors

A

a vector is an organism that carries pathogens in or on its body from person to person but itself not being affected.

  • houseflies
  • mosquitos
  • rats
  • fleas
103
Q

what is metamorphosis?

A

complete metamorphosis is a complete change in the appearance of an organism during its growth and development

104
Q

What is the primary host?

A

the target host ie the host that the pathogen makes ill.

105
Q

What is diabetes?

A

a physiological disease where the control of blood glucose is abnormal

106
Q

what is hypertension?

A

Hypertension is a physiological disease in which the pressure in the arteries is higher that normal

107
Q

what is artificial immunity?

A

immunity adquired by vaccination

108
Q

what is a vaccine?

A

a substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide artificial immunity against diseases.

109
Q

what is an antitoxin?

A

antibodies that neurtalize toxins

110
Q

what is vaccination?

A

process by which vaccines are introduced in to the body to stimulate immunity against certain pathogens.

111
Q

what is natural immunity ?

A

forms of defence we inherit, eg. blood clotting, phagocytosis

112
Q

Types of immunity

A
113
Q

classify immunity

A

CSEC BIOLOGY (21 decks)

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