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CSEC BIOLOGY > B1: Irritability in Animals and Plants > Flashcards

B1: Irritability in Animals and Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

definition of a stimulus

A

a change in the environment of an organism that causes a response

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2
Q

define a response

A

the change the whole or part of an organism as result of a stimulus

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3
Q

what is a receptor

A

the part of an organism that detects a stumulus

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4
Q

what is an effector

A

the part of an organism that responds to a stimulus

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5
Q

what are sense organs?

A

organs that contain receptors

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6
Q

Parts of the nervous system

A
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7
Q

There are (1)_________ types of neurones. These are: (2)____________, (3)_______________, (4)_________________. The (5)___________ are only found in the CNS.

A
  1. 3
  2. sensory
  3. relay(intermediate) neurones
  4. motor neurones
  5. relay
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8
Q

what kind of neurone is this?

name the parts

A

sensory neurone

A. cytoplasm

B. cell body

C. sensory nerve endings

D. nerve ending

E. node of Ranvier

F. dendrite

G. myelin sheath

H. axon

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9
Q

what kind of neurone is this?

name the parts

A

motor neuron

A. nerve endings

B. cell body

C. myelin sheath

D. Axon

E. axon fibre

F. muscle

G. nerve endings

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10
Q

what does this diagram show?

name the parts

A

reflex arc

A. receptor

B. stimulus(eg. hot surface)

C. response(withdrawal)

D. sensory nerve fibre(axon)

E. effector(muscle)

F. spinal nerve

G. motor nerve fibre

H. synapse

I. Intermediate neurone

J. cell body of

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11
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A
  • receives information from balance receptors in the ear and from stretch receptors in muscles and tendons.
  • coordination of balance, posture and movement
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12
Q

what are the functions of the cerebrum?

A
  • conscious thought, problem solving, decision making, intelligence and emotions
  • memory, speech , language and hearing
  • interpretation of sensory information from sense organs
  • coordination of voluntary actions
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13
Q

what are the functions of the medulla oblongata?

A

constrols involuntary actions such as:

  • rate and depth of breathing
  • heart rate
  • blood pressure
  • peristalsis
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14
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus?

A
  • controls body temperature
  • controls water content of the blood
  • controls the release of hormones from the pituitary gland: ADH (to control the kidney), FSH and LH(control mentral cycle)
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15
Q

a. what kind of neurone is this?
b. what does the arrow represent?

A

a. intermediate(relay) neurone
b. direction of the nerve impuse

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16
Q

name the neurones

A
  1. sensory neurone
  2. intermediate (relay) neurone
  3. motor neurone
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17
Q

what are the functions of the labelled sections below?

A
  1. sensation
  2. muscle control
  3. sight centre
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18
Q

intentify the parts of the nervous system

A
  1. central nervous system
  2. Peripheral nervous system

A. cerebrum

B. cerebellum

C. medulla oblongata

D. spinal cord

E. cranial nerves (from eye and ear)

F. spinal nerves

G. sensory and motor nerve fibres to and from body

H. brain

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19
Q

complete the flow diagram below

A

stimulus —> receptor —> sensory neurone

—> intermediate neuron —> motor neurone

—> effector —> response

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20
Q

how movement in parts of plants occur

A

by changes in turgidity of its cells

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21
Q

shoots grow and bend towards (1)_________ and away from (2)___________. If there is no light (eg. dark room) or even distribution of light they will grow (3)____________.

A
  1. light
  2. gravity
  3. upwards
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22
Q

roots bend towards (1)_____________ and (2)______________

A
  1. gravity
  2. water
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23
Q

what is a synapse?

A

tiny gap between the synaptic knobs of an axon and the dendrites or cell body of adjacent neurones

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24
Q

how do synapses work?

A

when the impulse reaches the nerve ending, chemicals called neurotransmitters are released and diffuse across the synapse toward the next neurone which is stimulated to transmit the electrical impulse

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25
Q

function of the synapse

A

allows neurotransmitter to flow in one direction from one neurone to another

26
Q

examples of sense organs in animals

A

eyes, ears, tongue, nose, skin

27
Q

examples of effectors in animals

A

muscles and glands

28
Q

most plant responses are (1)_____________ and are regions of the plant where growth occurs called (2) ____________

A
  1. Growth repsonses
  2. Apical meristems
29
Q

examples of effectors in plants

A

petioles, leaves, apical meristem

30
Q

What is the apical meristem

A

The apical meristem is the region of dividing cells located at the tips of a plant’s shoots and at the ends of the plant’s roots?

31
Q

what is a petiole?

A

the stalk that attaches the leave blade to a stem

32
Q

where are nerve impulses transitted?

A

through neurones

33
Q

what are nerve impulses

A

electrical impulses that travel along a neurone

34
Q

CNS consists of:

A

brain and spinal cord

35
Q

PNS consists of :

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

36
Q

the function of the sensory neuron is to (1)____________ while that of the motor neurone is to (2)_______________. The relay neurone is also known as the (3)___________ and serves to (4)______________

A
  1. transmit nerve impulses from the receptors to the CNS
  2. transmit nerve impulse form the CNS to the effector
  3. intermediate neurone
  4. link sensory and motor neurones
37
Q

what is a reflex action?

A

a rapid, automatic involuntary response to a stimulus by a muscle or gland

38
Q

3 examples of reflex action

A
  • withdrawal of hand when it touches a hot object
  • knee jerk reflex
  • reaction of the pupil to bright light
39
Q

two functions of the myelin sheath are:

A
  • protect the nerve fibre
  • insulate the nerve fibre
  • speed up transmission of impulses
40
Q

(1)_______ carry impulses toward the cell body and (2)________ carry nerve impulses away from the cell body

A
  1. dendrites
  2. axons
41
Q

this part of the neuron carries impulses toward the cell body

A

dendrite

42
Q

this part of the neuron carries impulses away from the cell body

A

axon

43
Q

identify the main regions of the human brain from the diagram

A

A- cerebrum

B- cerebellum

C- medulla oblongata

44
Q

definition of a drug

A

a chemical substance that affects the functioning of the body

45
Q

what is the effect of alcohol on the nervous system?

A

it is a depressant of the central nervous system

46
Q

short term effects of alcohol abuse include:

A
  • impaired coordination
  • impaired concentration
  • impared judgement
  • blurred vision
  • slurred speech
  • memory lapse
  • drowsiness
  • dehydration
  • loss of consciousness
47
Q

some long term effects of alcohol abuse include:

A
  • long term memory loss
  • high blood pressure
  • heart disease such heart attacks
  • stroke
  • stomach ulcers
  • liver disease such as cirrhosis and fatty liver disease
  • brain damage
  • cancer of the mouth throat and oesophagus
  • delirium tremens
48
Q

what is the effect of cocaine on the CNS?

A

it is a stimulant

49
Q

some effects of cocaine abuse

A
  • paranoia, anxiety and depression
  • bizzzare, erratic violent behavior
  • hallucinations
  • insomnia
  • heart attack
  • stroke
  • lung damage
  • mental disorders such as schizophrenia
50
Q

the eye detects (1)_______ that has been reflected from an object and converts it to (2)__________ which are then carried along the (3)__________ to the (4)___________ which translates them into a precise image of the object

A
  1. light
  2. nerve impulses
  3. optic nerve
  4. brain
51
Q

indentify the parts of the eye below

A

A- iris

B- pupil

C- cornea

D- lens

E- suspensory ligament

F- ciliary body

G- vitreous humour

I - sclera

II - choroid

III - retina

IV - fovea

V - optic nerve

52
Q

the two main photoreceptors of the retina are:

A
  • cones
  • rods
53
Q

the retina is composed of receptors called (1)___________ which are of two types: (2)______________ function in low light and and detect images in (3)__________. (4)_________ function in bright light and and detect images in (5)______________ and detail.

A
  1. photoreceptors
  2. rods
  3. black and white
  4. cones
  5. colour
54
Q

what is accomodation?

A

changing the shape of the lens to focus light on the retina

55
Q

The (1)___________controls the amount of light entering the eye by (2)__________. In bright light the (3)____________ relaxes and the (4)_________ contract, thus (5)________ the pupil size. In dim light the circular muscles (6)_________and the radial muscles (7)_________ contract, thus (8)________ the pupil size.

A
  1. pupil
  2. increasing or decreasing its size(diameter)
  3. radial muscles
  4. circular muscles
  5. reducing
  6. relaxes
  7. contract
  8. increasing
56
Q

myopia or hypemetropia?

A

myopia

57
Q

myopia or hypermetropia?

A

hypermetropia

58
Q

what condition is being corrected?

A

hypermetropia (far sight)

59
Q

what condition is being corrected?

A

myopia(near sight)

60
Q

what type of lenses correct these conditions

  1. hypermetropia
  2. myopia
A
  1. covex or converging
  2. concave or diverging

CSEC BIOLOGY (21 decks)

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