B7-079 Pharmacology of Used and Misused Substances

Question 1

used as analgesics, cough suppressants, and antidiarrheals

Answer 1

opioids

Question 2

opioids [4]

Answer 2

morphine
oxycodone
fentanyl
heroin

Question 3

[…] strongly influences the magnitude of euphoria of opioids

Answer 3

route of administration

(IV> intranasal > oral)

Question 4

[…] preparations of opioids are particularly prone to causing dependence

Answer 4

time-release

(oxycontin)

Question 5

cross the placenta, so fetal addiction can occur

Answer 5

opioids

Question 6

produce really profound tolerance, from the first dose

Answer 6

opioids

Question 7

tolerance to opioids develops to all pharmacologic effects except [2]

Answer 7

miosis
constipation

Question 8

opioid withdrawal is not particularly life threatening, but can cause severe

Answer 8

dehydration

(“everything wet”: vomiting diarrhea, lacrimation, rhinorrhea)

Question 9

why are you more likely to overdose on opioids following withdrawal?

Answer 9

tolerance to respiratory depression is one of the first things to reverse

Question 10

oral opioid agonist

Answer 10

methadone

Question 11

mu opioid partial agonist

Answer 11

buprenorphine

Question 12

antagonizes the euphoric effects of full mu agonists

Answer 12

buprenorphine

Question 13

mu agonist with lower risk of overdose

Answer 13

buprenorphine

Question 14

prototype opioid antagonist

Answer 14

naloxone

Question 15

used for acute opioid overdose

Answer 15

naloxone

Question 16

IV administration of [,..] can precipitate opioid withdrawal symptoms

Answer 16

naloxone

(due to instant blocking of mu receptors)

Question 17

parenteral only, so only used for acute opioid overdose

Answer 17

naloxone

Question 18

oral/IM depot opioid antagonist

Answer 18

naltrexone

Question 19

used to prevent relapse in recovering (already abstinent) individuals

Answer 19

naltrexone

Question 20

used for management of opioid withdrawal symptoms

Answer 20

lofexidine

(maintains withdrawal symptoms)

Question 21

stimulate the sympathetic nervous system and reticular activating system

Answer 21

sympathomimetics/psychostimulants

Question 22

systemic effects of sympathomimetics/psychostimulants [3]

Answer 22

pupillary dilation
increased BP
increased HR

Question 23

inhibits dopamine re-uptake

Answer 23

cocaine

Question 24

can be used as a topical anesthetic for mucous membranes

Answer 24

cocaine

Question 25

cocaine has a [...] duration of action

Answer 25

short 10-30 min

Question 26

less associated with tolerance (due to short DOA) than other addictive drugs, but cravings can be very strong

Answer 26

cocaine

Question 27

amphetamines [3]

Answer 27

d-amphetamine methamphetamine methylphenidate

Question 28

amphetamines can be used clinically to treat [3]

Answer 28

**ADHD** narcolepsy obesity

Question 29

release and block the re-uptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin

Answer 29

amphetamines

Question 30

longest lasting amphetamine with more pronounced central effects

Answer 30

methamphetamine (why it has greater misuse)

Question 31

side effects of amphetamines [3]

Answer 31

insomnia anorexia weight loss

Question 32

long term use of amphetamines can lead to

Answer 32

psychosis

Question 33

amphetamine derivative with greater serotonergic activity

Answer 33

MDMA

Question 34

can cause hyperthermia at high doses

Answer 34

MDMA

Question 35

causes jaw clenching, tachycardia, and muscle aches

Answer 35

MDMA

Question 36

can cause depletion of serotonin, which can be permanent with repeated use

Answer 36

MDMA

Question 37

experimental treatment for PTSD

Answer 37

MDMA

Question 38

classes of hallucinogens [2]

Answer 38

psychedelics dissociative

Question 39

psychedelics [3]

Answer 39

lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) mescaline psilocybin

Question 40

derived from mushrooms

Answer 40

psilocybin

Question 41

derived from peyote cactus traditionally used for ritual purposes

Answer 41

mescaline

Question 42

halos, color tails, objects morphing are examples of [...] caused by psychedelics

Answer 42

visual hallucinations

Question 43

synesthesia, time distortion, and parasthesias are examples of [...] caused by psychedelics

Answer 43

perceptual distubances

Question 44

alter cognition and perception occurring in a lucid state

Answer 44

psychedelics

Question 45

rapid tolerance occurs, but do not cause physiological dependence

Answer 45

psychedelics

Question 46

psychedelics have various effects on the [...] system

Answer 46

serotonergic

Question 47

dissociative hallucinogens [3]

Answer 47

phencyclidine (PCP) ketamine dextromethorphan

Question 48

anesthetic also used as experimental treatment for depression

Answer 48

ketamine

Question 49

OTC opioid cough suppressant that can cause hallucinations at high doses

Answer 49

dextromethorphan

Question 50

cause feelings of disconnection from the body and external reality

Answer 50

dissociative hallucinogens

Question 51

cause emotional withdrawal, apathy and impaired memory

Answer 51

dissociative hallucinogens

Question 52

dissociative hallucinogens, especially [...] can cause hostile behavior

Answer 52

PCP

Question 53

noncompetitive NMDA antagonists

Answer 53

dissociative hallucinogens

Question 54

can cause user to be hostile, omnipotent, and resistant to pain

Answer 54

dissociative hallucinogens particularly PCP and ketamine

Question 55

causes CNS effects via CB1 receptors

Answer 55

cannabinoids

Question 56

major active compounds of cannabis [2]

Answer 56

9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) cannabidiol (CBD)

Question 57

which active compound of cannabis is non-psychoactive?

Answer 57

cannabidiol (CBD)

Question 58

accumulates in adipose detectable in urine for 3 weeks after cessation

Answer 58

9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

Question 59

compound of cannabis that has clinical use as anticonvulsant

Answer 59

cannabidiol (CBD)

Question 60

opioids cause pupillary [...]

Answer 60

constriction

Question 61

hallucinogens cause pupillary [...]

Answer 61

dilation

Question 62

amphetamines cause pupillary [...]

Answer 62

dilation

Question 63

decreased appetite, weight loss, and insomnia would be signs of [...] use

Answer 63

psychostimulant

Question 64

indirect agonists of dopamine and norepinephrine

Answer 64

amphetamines (acts on transporter to release and block re-uptake = indirect)

Question 65

methamphetamine is clinically approved for treatment of

Answer 65

ADHD obesity (but not recommended for either)

Question 66

phencyclidine (PCP) blocks the [...] receptor ion channel

Answer 66

NMDA

Question 67

what neurotransmitter mediates the euphoric and reinforcing effects of all drugs of abuse

Answer 67

dopamine (mesolimbic pathway from VTA to nucleus accumbens)

Question 68

tolerance of what effects of oxycodone are typically seen early [3]

Answer 68

sedation respiratory depression analgesia

Question 69

used to prevent relapse in abstinent opioid addicts

Answer 69

naltrexone

Question 70

used as substitution therapies in opioid addicts [2]

Answer 70

buprenorphine methadone