B6.3 Part1 - Monitoring And Maintaining Health Flashcards
1
Q
What is a disease
A
A physical/mental condition caused when any part of the organism is not functioning properly
2
Q
Communicable diseases
A
A disease caused by pathogens being passed to other organisms and causing symptoms
3
Q
Non communicable diseases
A
A disease which cannot be passed on
4
Q
What is ‘health’?
A
The absence of disease
5
Q
What is a pathogen
A
A micro-organism which can cause a disease
6
Q
Are inherited diseases a non communicable disease?
A
Yes, because the parents don’t pass it to the the offspring, they just inherit the gene
7
Q
Relationship between health and disease
A
When there is health, there is the absence of disease. When you have a disease, you are not in good health.
8
Q
Examples of communicable diseases
A
Influenza (flu) Malaria Chicken pox Measles HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) COVID-19 Tuberculosis
9
Q
Examples of non communicable diseases
A
Cardiovascular diseases
Cancer
Diabetes
10
Q
What part of the body does HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) infect and how?
A
It infects cells of the cervix and cause them to divide uncontrollably. This causes cervical cancer
11
Q
How is HPV both communicable and non-communicable?
A
The virus itself (HPV) is communicable and can be spread, but the cancer which is caused by the virus is not
12
Q
HIV stands for
A
Human immunodeficiency virus
13
Q
How can HIV spread
A
Through the mixing of bodily fluids
14
Q
Can a person die from HIV
A
no, it simple weakens the immune system and acts as a potential cause for AIDS. Usually HIV patients dies from Tuberculosis
15
Q
What does AIDS do to the body
A
Weakens the immune system, which increases the chances of you getting other diseases
16
Q
How is HPV prevented
A
Girls in the UK are regularly vaccinated
17
Q
What does AIDS stand for
A
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
18
Q
How can pathogens spread between animals
A
- through cuts from the skin
- through the reproductive system (injury or insect/animal bites)
- through the respiratory system (inhaling pathogens)
- through the digestive system (sharing food etc.)
19
Q
The closer together the organisms are, the easier for pathogens to spread
A
Yes, stimmt
This is because it is less distance for the pathogen to travel between people
20
Q
How does pathogens spread between plants
A
- vectors (e.g. insects)
- direct contact of sap
- wind (e.g. blowing of spores)
21
Q
Incubation period
A
Time delay between pathogens entering the body and developing symptoms
(This is why you don’t get ill straight away when it enters your body, takes time for symptoms to show)
22
Q
Why does disease spread easily in unhygienic areas
A
Because the pathogens can survive and reproduce for longer on dirty surfaces, which increases the chance of them entering a human body
23
Q
Why does spraying surfaces with infect ant minimise spread
A
The disinfectant kills the bacteria as well as any other organisms present.
24
Q
How do scientists monitor disease
A
They study the incidence of a disease
25
What is ‘incidence of a disease’?
Rate @ which new cases occur in a population over a period if time
26
How to prevent spread of communicable diseases
- cover mouth/nose when u cough/sneeze
- not touching infected people/objects
- wash ur hands
- cook food thoroughly
- drink clean water (cholera and typhoid spread in water)
- protect yourself from animal bites
- not sharing needles when injecting drugs
27
How farmers prevent disease in plants and animals
- diseased plant was burnt to prevent spread
- whole herds had to be slaughtered
- livestock cannot be moved between farms
- chemical dips used to kill pathogens on footwear
28
Why are plants burnt to stop spread
To ensure that the certain plant cannot spread it to other healthy ones and to ensure that any harmful pathogens on it get killed as well
29
One human disease caused by FUNGI
athletes foot
30
One human disease caused by VIRUS
Influenza
| COVID-19
31
One human disease caused by BACTERIA
Tuberculosis
32
One human disease caused by PROTOZOA
Malaria
33
One plant disease caused by BACTERIA
Crown gall disease (w/ brown galls forming on plant)
34
Plant disease caused by VIRUS
Tobacco mosaic disease
35
Plant disease caused by FUNGI
powdery mildew
36
What are ‘vectors’
Organisms that spread disease (instead of causing it themselves) - e.g. mosquitoes are the vectors for malaria
37
Why can antibiotics not treat a disease caused by a virus
Because antibiotics can only work with bacteria. For viruses, you would need antivirals
38
Tobacco Mosaic virus
- caused by TMV (virus)
- Symptoms: making leaves of plant look mottled/discoloured
- HOW?
- PREVENTS CHLOROPLASTS FROM FORMING, which stunts the growth of the plant and causes the lack of green
Does it kill:
No, but It reduces the QUALITY AND QUANTITY of those being produced
39
How to prevent TMV?
Remove Infected plants
Hands/equipment should be washed between handling different plants
Plant resistant plants in the previously infected areas - to prevent soil re-infection
40
Bacteria that causes crown gall disease
Agrobacterium tumefaciens - it has a large plasmid known as a tumour inducing plasmid, contains genes for C.G.D
41
How does A. tumefaciens enter a plant
Through a wound - causes production of MORE GROWTH CHEMICALS hence EXTRA GROWTH of galls on the plant
42
How can galls potential kill a plant
They keep growing, until they completely encircle the stem/trunk.
Cuts off the flow of sap.
Kill plant
43
How to prevent crown galls disease
Remove and destroy infected plants
Do not plant susceptible plants in the same area for at least 2 years - to allow bacteria to die out (due to no host plant)
44
Erysiphe graminis
The fungus that causes barley powdery mildew
45
Symptoms of powdery mildew
White powder looking spots on the leaves and stems.
This reduces growth and makes leaves drop early. reduces crop yield
46
Which conditions are ideal for powdery mildew
High humidity and moderate temperature
47
How does powdery mildew spread
Releases spores, which travel by wind and land on other healthy plants.
48
How to stop spread of powdery mildew
Spray crops w/ FUNGICIDE
49
Physical defences
Physical barriers that prevent micro-organisms from entering
50
Chemical defences
Substance secreted by the plant that kill microorganisms
51
2 Physical defence mechanisms on a plant
Cuticle
Cell wall
52
How does cuticle protect plant
Prevents water loss
Prevents pathogens from coming in direct contact w/ epidermal cells
Hydrophobic nature stops water sitting on plant, stopping fungal pathogens which need water for SPORE GERMINATION
53
How does cell wall protect plants
Acts as a Structural barrier
Contains several chemical defences which are quickly activated when the cell detects pathogens
54
Examples of chemical defences
Insect repellent - to repel vectors
Insecticides - to kill insects
Antibacterial compounds - kill bacteria
Anti fungal compounds - kill fungi
Cyanide - a chemical formed to prevent the attacking by pathogens
55
Diagnosis
Identifying a disease in a plant or animal
56
Two techniques used for diagnosis in FIELD OBSERVATIONS
Observations
Microscopy
57
Observation (stage 1 of field diagnosis)
Looking for visual symptoms
E.g. strawberry mottle disease - the leaves of a strawberry plant become discoloured
58
Microscopy (stage 2 of diagnosis)
Plant pathologists use this to identify the pathogen (e.g. different bacteria by their shape)
59
Why can’t pathologists use simple observations to diagnose a plant disease
Many different plant diseases have very similar symptoms, so you can’t tell exactly what disease it is.
60
Techniques used in LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
DNA analysis
Identification of antigens
61
DNA analysis (1 part of lab diagnosis)
Comparison of an unknown plant pathogen’s genome against a know pathogen genome. If match, then u know what the pathogen is.
62
Identification of antigens (2 part of lab diagnosis)
Pathogens carry specific antigens on the surfaces.
DIAGNOSTIC KITS help identify certain antigens and therefore certain pathogens on a plant.
63
Disadvantage of field observation
Can only be identified when infections have taken hold and symptoms start forming
64
Advantages of lab diagnosis
Can identify plant pathogen BEFORE IT CAUSES SIGNIFICANT DAMAGE to a crop
65
Steps of a scab forming
1. There is a wound
2. Fibrinogen in Platelets turn into protein ‘Fibrin’ which forms net on the cut
3. RBCs get trapped in the bet of Fibrin
4. The blood dries and forms a scab
66
What is the point of a scab
It keeps the skin clean, and gives time for skin underneath the scab to heal
Prevents entry of pathogens through cut
67
How does skin protect body
Acts as a physical barrier
Dry, dead outer cells are difficult for microorganisms to penetrate
Sweat glands make sweat which has antiseptic properties to kill microorganisms
68
Acid in stomach
Kills pathogens in contaminated food/drink
69
Cilia and mucus in airways protects how…?
Mucus traps microorganisms and cilia brushes them to throat, which goes to stomach and gets killed by acid there
70
Nasal hairs prot3ct how…..
Keep out dust and larger microorganisms
71
Tears protect how?
Contains bacteria-killing enzymes
72
Ear wax protects how….
Prevents entry of microorganisms through ear
73
Two types of WBC
Lymphocyte
Phagocyte
74
What do lymphocytes do?
Makes antitoxins or antibodeis
75
What do phagocytes do.
Engulf (ingest) microorganisms. They then make enzymes which digest it
76
What does an antitoxin do
Neutralises the poison
77
Do phagocytes die after ingesting microo
Yes, they then leave the body as a thick, white liquid from wounds
78
Phagocytosis
The process of phagocytes engulfing pathogens
79
Advantage of the ‘multi lobed shape of WBC nucleus
Makes it flexible, so it can change shape to engulf the pathogens
80
Antibodies are specific
Yes, like enzymes
They only bind to one specific antigen.
Different diseases have different antigens and therefore different antibodies
81
Immunity
The ability of the body to remove, destroy the pathogen before it can cause u illness
82
Vaccines
When a dead, inactive version of a pathogen is injected into the body, to allow it to prepare and know what antibody to make if the real pathogen enters.
That way, the second time, when the real pathogen enters, the memory cells will know what antibody to make, lymphocytes make it and the pathogen is destroyed before you actually become ill
83
Monoclonal antibodies
Antibodies made in labs using special ‘hybridoma’ cells.
They are called this because they are made by a single clone of cells
84
What is ‘hybridoma’ cell
A fusion of myelomas (cancer cells) and lymphocytes
85
Why are cancer cells fused with lymphocytes
To improve the properties of both.
Cancer cells have no use, BUT THEY CAN REPLICATE VERY QUICKLY
lymphocytes make antibodies, BUT THEY CANNOT REPLICATE QUICK ENOUGH AND CANNOT FUNCTION OUTSIDE THE BODY
therefore the fusion ‘hybridoma’ can make antibodies outside of the body and also replicate these very quickly to make more antibodies
86
Step of making monoclonal antibodies
1. Inject certain antigen into mice, their body makes antibodies for this,
2. Remove the antibody prodipucing lymphocytes from the body of the mice
3. Merge w/ tumour cell
4. U have one hybridoma, which is then cloned
5. U now have monoclonal antibodies for that certain antigen.
Can be used for detecting diseases or in medicine
87
Antigen
A specific shaped protein on the outside of each cell allowing you to identify what type of cell it is
88
Antibodies
A protein made by lymphocytes which is complementary to certain antigens and helps to kill them, preventing illness
89
How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy testing
When a woman in pregnant, produce hormone ‘human chorionic gonadotrophin’ (hCG).
Monoclonal antibodies are produced to bind to hCG antigen, causing a colour-change reaction
The m.c antibodies are fixed in a straight line on the absorbent paper in the pregnancy test and when the urine travels up the absorbent paper, hCG antigen in it bind, colour of the line changes if positive.
90
How are m,c antibodies used for detecting diseases
They act as MARKERS
they bind to the certain antigen to confirm its presence
91
How are m.c antibodies used to treat cancer
M.c antibodies TARGET SPECIFIC CELLS
They can carry DRUGS / RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES to a cancer cell and kill them.
This MINIMISES DAMAGE TO SURROUNDING CELLS as well
(This is a 3 marker answer)
92
Anitseptics and examples
Kill/neutralise ALL pathogens and DO NOT damage human tissue
(Different to disinfectant, which only applied to non-living surfaces)
E.g. alcohol and iodine
93
Antivirals
Drugs that destroy VIRUSES and prevent them replicating
94
3 Different activity of antivirals
- blocking virus from entering host cell
- prevent virus from releasing genetic material
- prevent virus from inserting genetic data into host cells DNA
95
Antibiotics
Destroy BACTERIA w/out damaging other cells
Each antibiotic kill specific bacteria
96
Clearance zone /zone of inhibition
Area on the agar plate where the bacteria does not groe
97
What are aseptic techniques
Technique used to ensure NO FOREIGN MICROORGANISMS are on a sample being tested
98
Sterile
Free from microorganisms
99
A. Technique - wash working areas w/ alcohol before and after working
To make sure no microorganisms are present in the working area and that they have all been killd
100
A.Technique - wearing gloves
To prevent microorganisms passing from sample to skin
101
A.Technique - autoclave glassware and apparatus before and after use
To sterilise the equipment, prevent unwanted contamination
102
A.Technique - working close to a Bunsen burner
To prevent unwanted microorganisms falling into open sample.
Hot air rises, and so any unwanted microorganisms and dust particles etc rise w/ the warm air and leaves a safe working environment w/ no contamination risks
103
How to sterilise wire loop in practical
Since microorganisms transfer between mediums - especially wire
U put end of wire (which u are using for work) into the Bunsen burner.
Let it glow red
Remove from flame and allow to cool properly before using it
104
Why do u let wire loop cool before use on ur sample?
Becuase it is hot and you don’t want to kill any of the microorganism that are within your sample
105
Autoclave
Uses high pressure and temperatures to sterilise equipment
106
Why do you not tape the agar plate all the way around
To allow oxygen in. ANAEROBIC conditions PROMOTE PATHOGENIC BACTERIA growing
107
Difference between pathogen and vector
Pathogens cause the actual disease
Vectors only spread/transmit the diease, without actually causing it themselves
108
Clinical trial
Stages of testing requir3d to approve a drug for use
109
3 stages of clinical trials
- tested on HEALTHY people to look for UNEXPECTED SIDE EFFECTS
- tested on minority W/ THE CONDITION. To see HOW EFFECTIVE the drug is
- Tested on LARGE NUMBER W/ CONDITION to see HOW WELL IT WORKS and if it is SAFE FOR EVERYONE
if these are all positive, it is approved - dance by Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA)
110
Preclinical testing
Testing drugs in BACTERIA , LIVE CELLS or TISSUE CULTURES BEFORE TESTED ON ANIMALS/HUMANS
111
Placebo effect
When someone feels better only because they expect to feel better after taking a medicine
112
Placebo
A drug with no active ingredient in it.
Used as a replica and comparison to the effects of the real drug
113
Double blind test
When neither the patient nor doctors know who received the drug in it and who got the placebo, until the test is done
(Both doctors and patients are ‘blind’ to the info)
114
Why can side effects be caused after the 3 clinical trials
Possible unexpected side effects in the categories which were not tested on
