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Biology > B6.3 Part1 - Monitoring And Maintaining Health > Flashcards

B6.3 Part1 - Monitoring And Maintaining Health Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a disease

A

A physical/mental condition caused when any part of the organism is not functioning properly

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2
Q

Communicable diseases

A

A disease caused by pathogens being passed to other organisms and causing symptoms

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3
Q

Non communicable diseases

A

A disease which cannot be passed on

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4
Q

What is ‘health’?

A

The absence of disease

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5
Q

What is a pathogen

A

A micro-organism which can cause a disease

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6
Q

Are inherited diseases a non communicable disease?

A

Yes, because the parents don’t pass it to the the offspring, they just inherit the gene

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7
Q

Relationship between health and disease

A

When there is health, there is the absence of disease. When you have a disease, you are not in good health.

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8
Q

Examples of communicable diseases

A 
Influenza (flu)
Malaria
Chicken pox
Measles
HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus)
COVID-19
Tuberculosis
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9
Q

Examples of non communicable diseases

A

Cardiovascular diseases
Cancer
Diabetes

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10
Q

What part of the body does HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) infect and how?

A

It infects cells of the cervix and cause them to divide uncontrollably. This causes cervical cancer

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11
Q

How is HPV both communicable and non-communicable?

A

The virus itself (HPV) is communicable and can be spread, but the cancer which is caused by the virus is not

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12
Q

HIV stands for

A

Human immunodeficiency virus

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13
Q

How can HIV spread

A

Through the mixing of bodily fluids

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14
Q

Can a person die from HIV

A

no, it simple weakens the immune system and acts as a potential cause for AIDS. Usually HIV patients dies from Tuberculosis

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15
Q

What does AIDS do to the body

A

Weakens the immune system, which increases the chances of you getting other diseases

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16
Q

How is HPV prevented

A

Girls in the UK are regularly vaccinated

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17
Q

What does AIDS stand for

A

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

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18
Q

How can pathogens spread between animals

A
  • through cuts from the skin
  • through the reproductive system (injury or insect/animal bites)
  • through the respiratory system (inhaling pathogens)
  • through the digestive system (sharing food etc.)
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19
Q

The closer together the organisms are, the easier for pathogens to spread

A

Yes, stimmt

This is because it is less distance for the pathogen to travel between people

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20
Q

How does pathogens spread between plants

A
  • vectors (e.g. insects)
  • direct contact of sap
  • wind (e.g. blowing of spores)
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21
Q

Incubation period

A

Time delay between pathogens entering the body and developing symptoms

(This is why you don’t get ill straight away when it enters your body, takes time for symptoms to show)

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22
Q

Why does disease spread easily in unhygienic areas

A

Because the pathogens can survive and reproduce for longer on dirty surfaces, which increases the chance of them entering a human body

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23
Q

Why does spraying surfaces with infect ant minimise spread

A

The disinfectant kills the bacteria as well as any other organisms present.

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24
Q

How do scientists monitor disease

A

They study the incidence of a disease

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25
Q

What is ‘incidence of a disease’?

A

Rate @ which new cases occur in a population over a period if time

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26
Q

How to prevent spread of communicable diseases

A
  • cover mouth/nose when u cough/sneeze
  • not touching infected people/objects
  • wash ur hands
  • cook food thoroughly
  • drink clean water (cholera and typhoid spread in water)
  • protect yourself from animal bites
  • not sharing needles when injecting drugs
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27
Q

How farmers prevent disease in plants and animals

A
  • diseased plant was burnt to prevent spread
  • whole herds had to be slaughtered
  • livestock cannot be moved between farms
  • chemical dips used to kill pathogens on footwear
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28
Q

Why are plants burnt to stop spread

A

To ensure that the certain plant cannot spread it to other healthy ones and to ensure that any harmful pathogens on it get killed as well

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29
Q

One human disease caused by FUNGI

A

athletes foot

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30
Q

One human disease caused by VIRUS

A

Influenza

COVID-19

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31
Q

One human disease caused by BACTERIA

A

Tuberculosis

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32
Q

One human disease caused by PROTOZOA

A

Malaria

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33
Q

One plant disease caused by BACTERIA

A

Crown gall disease (w/ brown galls forming on plant)

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34
Q

Plant disease caused by VIRUS

A

Tobacco mosaic disease

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35
Q

Plant disease caused by FUNGI

A

powdery mildew

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36
Q

What are ‘vectors’

A

Organisms that spread disease (instead of causing it themselves) - e.g. mosquitoes are the vectors for malaria

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37
Q

Why can antibiotics not treat a disease caused by a virus

A

Because antibiotics can only work with bacteria. For viruses, you would need antivirals

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38
Q

Tobacco Mosaic virus

A
  • caused by TMV (virus)
  • Symptoms: making leaves of plant look mottled/discoloured
    • HOW?
      • PREVENTS CHLOROPLASTS FROM FORMING, which stunts the growth of the plant and causes the lack of green

Does it kill:
No, but It reduces the QUALITY AND QUANTITY of those being produced

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39
Q

How to prevent TMV?

A

Remove Infected plants

Hands/equipment should be washed between handling different plants

Plant resistant plants in the previously infected areas - to prevent soil re-infection

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40
Q

Bacteria that causes crown gall disease

A

Agrobacterium tumefaciens - it has a large plasmid known as a tumour inducing plasmid, contains genes for C.G.D

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41
Q

How does A. tumefaciens enter a plant

A

Through a wound - causes production of MORE GROWTH CHEMICALS hence EXTRA GROWTH of galls on the plant

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42
Q

How can galls potential kill a plant

A

They keep growing, until they completely encircle the stem/trunk.

Cuts off the flow of sap.

Kill plant

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43
Q

How to prevent crown galls disease

A

Remove and destroy infected plants

Do not plant susceptible plants in the same area for at least 2 years - to allow bacteria to die out (due to no host plant)

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44
Q

Erysiphe graminis

A

The fungus that causes barley powdery mildew

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45
Q

Symptoms of powdery mildew

A

White powder looking spots on the leaves and stems.

This reduces growth and makes leaves drop early. reduces crop yield

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46
Q

Which conditions are ideal for powdery mildew

A

High humidity and moderate temperature

47
Q

How does powdery mildew spread

A

Releases spores, which travel by wind and land on other healthy plants.

48
Q

How to stop spread of powdery mildew

A

Spray crops w/ FUNGICIDE

49
Q

Physical defences

A

Physical barriers that prevent micro-organisms from entering

50
Q

Chemical defences

A

Substance secreted by the plant that kill microorganisms

51
Q

2 Physical defence mechanisms on a plant

A

Cuticle

Cell wall

52
Q

How does cuticle protect plant

A

Prevents water loss

Prevents pathogens from coming in direct contact w/ epidermal cells

Hydrophobic nature stops water sitting on plant, stopping fungal pathogens which need water for SPORE GERMINATION

53
Q

How does cell wall protect plants

A

Acts as a Structural barrier

Contains several chemical defences which are quickly activated when the cell detects pathogens

54
Q

Examples of chemical defences

A

Insect repellent - to repel vectors

Insecticides - to kill insects

Antibacterial compounds - kill bacteria

Anti fungal compounds - kill fungi

Cyanide - a chemical formed to prevent the attacking by pathogens

55
Q

Diagnosis

A

Identifying a disease in a plant or animal

56
Q

Two techniques used for diagnosis in FIELD OBSERVATIONS

A

Observations

Microscopy

57
Q

Observation (stage 1 of field diagnosis)

A

Looking for visual symptoms

E.g. strawberry mottle disease - the leaves of a strawberry plant become discoloured

58
Q

Microscopy (stage 2 of diagnosis)

A

Plant pathologists use this to identify the pathogen (e.g. different bacteria by their shape)

59
Q

Why can’t pathologists use simple observations to diagnose a plant disease

A

Many different plant diseases have very similar symptoms, so you can’t tell exactly what disease it is.

60
Q

Techniques used in LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

A

DNA analysis

Identification of antigens

61
Q

DNA analysis (1 part of lab diagnosis)

A

Comparison of an unknown plant pathogen’s genome against a know pathogen genome. If match, then u know what the pathogen is.

62
Q

Identification of antigens (2 part of lab diagnosis)

A

Pathogens carry specific antigens on the surfaces.

DIAGNOSTIC KITS help identify certain antigens and therefore certain pathogens on a plant.

63
Q

Disadvantage of field observation

A

Can only be identified when infections have taken hold and symptoms start forming

64
Q

Advantages of lab diagnosis

A

Can identify plant pathogen BEFORE IT CAUSES SIGNIFICANT DAMAGE to a crop

65
Q

Steps of a scab forming

A
  1. There is a wound
  2. Fibrinogen in Platelets turn into protein ‘Fibrin’ which forms net on the cut
  3. RBCs get trapped in the bet of Fibrin
  4. The blood dries and forms a scab
66
Q

What is the point of a scab

A

It keeps the skin clean, and gives time for skin underneath the scab to heal

Prevents entry of pathogens through cut

67
Q

How does skin protect body

A

Acts as a physical barrier

Dry, dead outer cells are difficult for microorganisms to penetrate

Sweat glands make sweat which has antiseptic properties to kill microorganisms

68
Q

Acid in stomach

A

Kills pathogens in contaminated food/drink

69
Q

Cilia and mucus in airways protects how…?

A

Mucus traps microorganisms and cilia brushes them to throat, which goes to stomach and gets killed by acid there

70
Q

Nasal hairs prot3ct how…..

A

Keep out dust and larger microorganisms

71
Q

Tears protect how?

A

Contains bacteria-killing enzymes

72
Q

Ear wax protects how….

A

Prevents entry of microorganisms through ear

73
Q

Two types of WBC

A

Lymphocyte

Phagocyte

74
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

Makes antitoxins or antibodeis

75
Q

What do phagocytes do.

A

Engulf (ingest) microorganisms. They then make enzymes which digest it

76
Q

What does an antitoxin do

A

Neutralises the poison

77
Q

Do phagocytes die after ingesting microo

A

Yes, they then leave the body as a thick, white liquid from wounds

78
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The process of phagocytes engulfing pathogens

79
Q

Advantage of the ‘multi lobed shape of WBC nucleus

A

Makes it flexible, so it can change shape to engulf the pathogens

80
Q

Antibodies are specific

A

Yes, like enzymes

They only bind to one specific antigen.

Different diseases have different antigens and therefore different antibodies

81
Q

Immunity

A

The ability of the body to remove, destroy the pathogen before it can cause u illness

82
Q

Vaccines

A

When a dead, inactive version of a pathogen is injected into the body, to allow it to prepare and know what antibody to make if the real pathogen enters.

That way, the second time, when the real pathogen enters, the memory cells will know what antibody to make, lymphocytes make it and the pathogen is destroyed before you actually become ill

83
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

Antibodies made in labs using special ‘hybridoma’ cells.

They are called this because they are made by a single clone of cells

84
Q

What is ‘hybridoma’ cell

A

A fusion of myelomas (cancer cells) and lymphocytes

85
Q

Why are cancer cells fused with lymphocytes

A

To improve the properties of both.

Cancer cells have no use, BUT THEY CAN REPLICATE VERY QUICKLY

lymphocytes make antibodies, BUT THEY CANNOT REPLICATE QUICK ENOUGH AND CANNOT FUNCTION OUTSIDE THE BODY

therefore the fusion ‘hybridoma’ can make antibodies outside of the body and also replicate these very quickly to make more antibodies

86
Q

Step of making monoclonal antibodies

A
  1. Inject certain antigen into mice, their body makes antibodies for this,
  2. Remove the antibody prodipucing lymphocytes from the body of the mice
  3. Merge w/ tumour cell
  4. U have one hybridoma, which is then cloned
  5. U now have monoclonal antibodies for that certain antigen.

Can be used for detecting diseases or in medicine

87
Q

Antigen

A

A specific shaped protein on the outside of each cell allowing you to identify what type of cell it is

88
Q

Antibodies

A

A protein made by lymphocytes which is complementary to certain antigens and helps to kill them, preventing illness

89
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy testing

A

When a woman in pregnant, produce hormone ‘human chorionic gonadotrophin’ (hCG).

Monoclonal antibodies are produced to bind to hCG antigen, causing a colour-change reaction

The m.c antibodies are fixed in a straight line on the absorbent paper in the pregnancy test and when the urine travels up the absorbent paper, hCG antigen in it bind, colour of the line changes if positive.

90
Q

How are m,c antibodies used for detecting diseases

A

They act as MARKERS

they bind to the certain antigen to confirm its presence

91
Q

How are m.c antibodies used to treat cancer

A

M.c antibodies TARGET SPECIFIC CELLS

They can carry DRUGS / RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES to a cancer cell and kill them.

This MINIMISES DAMAGE TO SURROUNDING CELLS as well

(This is a 3 marker answer)

92
Q

Anitseptics and examples

A

Kill/neutralise ALL pathogens and DO NOT damage human tissue

(Different to disinfectant, which only applied to non-living surfaces)

E.g. alcohol and iodine

93
Q

Antivirals

A

Drugs that destroy VIRUSES and prevent them replicating

94
Q

3 Different activity of antivirals

A
  • blocking virus from entering host cell
  • prevent virus from releasing genetic material
  • prevent virus from inserting genetic data into host cells DNA
95
Q

Antibiotics

A

Destroy BACTERIA w/out damaging other cells

Each antibiotic kill specific bacteria

96
Q

Clearance zone /zone of inhibition

A

Area on the agar plate where the bacteria does not groe

97
Q

What are aseptic techniques

A

Technique used to ensure NO FOREIGN MICROORGANISMS are on a sample being tested

98
Q

Sterile

A

Free from microorganisms

99
Q

A. Technique - wash working areas w/ alcohol before and after working

A

To make sure no microorganisms are present in the working area and that they have all been killd

100
Q

A.Technique - wearing gloves

A

To prevent microorganisms passing from sample to skin

101
Q

A.Technique - autoclave glassware and apparatus before and after use

A

To sterilise the equipment, prevent unwanted contamination

102
Q

A.Technique - working close to a Bunsen burner

A

To prevent unwanted microorganisms falling into open sample.

Hot air rises, and so any unwanted microorganisms and dust particles etc rise w/ the warm air and leaves a safe working environment w/ no contamination risks

103
Q

How to sterilise wire loop in practical

A

Since microorganisms transfer between mediums - especially wire

U put end of wire (which u are using for work) into the Bunsen burner.

Let it glow red

Remove from flame and allow to cool properly before using it

104
Q

Why do u let wire loop cool before use on ur sample?

A

Becuase it is hot and you don’t want to kill any of the microorganism that are within your sample

105
Q

Autoclave

A

Uses high pressure and temperatures to sterilise equipment

106
Q

Why do you not tape the agar plate all the way around

A

To allow oxygen in. ANAEROBIC conditions PROMOTE PATHOGENIC BACTERIA growing

107
Q

Difference between pathogen and vector

A

Pathogens cause the actual disease

Vectors only spread/transmit the diease, without actually causing it themselves

108
Q

Clinical trial

A

Stages of testing requir3d to approve a drug for use

109
Q

3 stages of clinical trials

A
  • tested on HEALTHY people to look for UNEXPECTED SIDE EFFECTS
  • tested on minority W/ THE CONDITION. To see HOW EFFECTIVE the drug is
  • Tested on LARGE NUMBER W/ CONDITION to see HOW WELL IT WORKS and if it is SAFE FOR EVERYONE

if these are all positive, it is approved - dance by Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA)

110
Q

Preclinical testing

A

Testing drugs in BACTERIA , LIVE CELLS or TISSUE CULTURES BEFORE TESTED ON ANIMALS/HUMANS

111
Q

Placebo effect

A

When someone feels better only because they expect to feel better after taking a medicine

112
Q

Placebo

A

A drug with no active ingredient in it.

Used as a replica and comparison to the effects of the real drug

113
Q

Double blind test

A

When neither the patient nor doctors know who received the drug in it and who got the placebo, until the test is done

(Both doctors and patients are ‘blind’ to the info)

114
Q

Why can side effects be caused after the 3 clinical trials

A

Possible unexpected side effects in the categories which were not tested on

Biology (16 decks)

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