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Biology > B6.2 - Feeding The Human Race > Flashcards

B6.2 - Feeding The Human Race Flashcards

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1
Q

Food security definition

A

ability of the human population to access food of sufficient quality and quantity

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2
Q

Factors affecting food security

A

Increasing populaiton
Changing diets
New pests and pathogen
Climate change

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3
Q

How to increase food production

A

Maximise photosynthesis
Fertilisers
Remove competition and pests
Plant crops which are pest resistant

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4
Q

Intensive farming

A

Famring which uses techniques which produces maximum yield from minumum area - often using chemicals and machcinery

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5
Q

Techniques used in intensive famring

A

Fertiliers
Pesticide
Maximise growth rate
Machines minimise labour

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6
Q

Organaic farming

A

Natural method of producing crops and animals, without chemical

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7
Q

Why is organic food more expensive

A

Since they are grown naturally, there are less yields compared to intensive farming. Therfore it is sold for higher costs

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8
Q

Sustainable food produciton

A

Making food in a way that can be continued indefinitely

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9
Q

Fish farming

A

Farms in which fish are kept to help monitor the amount of fish, but also provide food for people.

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10
Q

How does fish farming improve food production

A

Fish can be used for food but at the same time, overfishing can be prevented and we can ensure we farm fish in a sustainable way

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11
Q

Advantages fo fish farming

A

Protection against predators
Enough food for fish to grow properly
Controlled water quality.
Competition is eliminated

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12
Q

Disafvantegs to fish farming

A

Easy for disease to spread
Large amount of waste produced
Farm raised fish not as nutritious

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13
Q

How can farmers reduce reduce use of fertiliers and pesticides

A

Spread manure instead of fertilisers for nutrients

Crop rotation - plants take up different nutrients. Chnage the crop planted in one area to allow certain nutrients to replenish whilst the others get taken up..
Use biological control - using organisms (called biological control agent) which naturally feed in pests to remove them

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14
Q

Advantages of biological control

A

Environmentally friendly
Self-sustaining process
Doesn’t disturb soil

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15
Q

Disadvantage of biological control

A

The control agents are expensive to get hold of
Slow process, takes time
Won’t completely remov epests, just reduce numbers
The control agent you introduce could end up becoming the largest pest

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16
Q

Hydroponics

A

Growing olants in water containing minerals

(Removes soil)

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17
Q

Adavantges of hyrdroponics

A

Maximises space (u can fit several plants in rows)

Conserves water (no run off - all water in the tubes and re-used for plants)
Hihger yields (since nutrients and water is controlled)
Better quality food
18
Q

Disadvantage of hydrponics

A

May not work in power outages etc
Expensive set up costs
Water allows waterbourne diseases to spread really quickly
Requires constant monitering

19
Q

Selective breeding

A

Process by which humans breed animals and plants with deisred chraacteristics

20
Q

Example of where selctive breedning may be used

A

Farmers breeding cows which produce more milk, so that they all produce lots of milk. Better for their sales

21
Q

Steps of selective breeding

A 
Decide the characteristic you want
Select parents with higest oevels of this 
Breed them
Select best offspring 
Breed again
Repeat for several generations
22
Q

Disadvanatges of selective breeding

A

Reduces number of alleles (gene pools) of a species resulting in decreased variation

Increases chances of creating genetically inherited diseases

23
Q

Gene pool definitin

A

All of the genetic material in a population

24
Q

Genetic engineering/modification definsitin

A

Altering an organisms genome for a desired characteristic

25
Q

Example of where genetic engineering is good

A

Cotton: increase crop yield

Corn: makes toxins to kill insects making it naturally pest resistant

Bacteria: to produce medical drugs such as insulin for diabetes

26
Q

Foreign genes

A

Genes which are taken from another organism

27
Q

Risks of genetic engineering

A

Nobody knows about the long term effects

Eating GM crops could lead to unknown health problems

GM crops can cross pollinate with other plants, distrubing the food chain and eco-system

28
Q

Restriction enzyme definition

A

Enzyme used to cut out the donor gene and to remove a section of the bacteria’s plasmid

29
Q

Sticky ends definition

A

Unpaired bases created by the restriction enzyme in the original DNA and the ligase enymes join them together

30
Q

Host definition

A

The organism into which the donor gene (and/or vector) is inserted

31
Q

Donor definition

A

The organism from which the desired gene is taken

32
Q

Vector definition

A

The organism used to transport/carry the donot gene

Often bacteria plasmid but can also be virus

33
Q

Plasmid definition

A

The circular piece of extra DNA which floats in cytoplasm: of bacteria cell

34
Q

Gene marker definition

A

An extra gene (e.g. antibiotic reisstance or flouresence) which is attached to the plasmid as well, to see if the donor gene has attached to it

35
Q

Steps for genetic engineerign

A

Identify desired characteristic
Remove donot gene from donot with restriction enzyme
Insert the donor gene in bacteria plasmid with gene marker - they will join by ligase enzymes
The bacteria will now display the characteristic.
Insert into host organism

36
Q

Genetic wnigineering is NOT the same thing as dloning

A

True

37
Q

Differences between cloning and GE

A

Clonging produces genetically identical copies whereas GE makes a unique set of genes

Cloning occurs within one species, whereas GE allows genes to be shared across species

38
Q

Donor for Golden rice

A

Daffodils

39
Q

How is golden rice advantageous

A

Produces more beta carotene which helps the body make vitamin A. This vitamin A is better for the eyes and can help prevent blindness

40
Q

Donor of BT corn

A

Bacteria called Bacillus thuringiensis

41
Q

How is BT corn advantageous

A

It produces a protein which is a poison for pests. This makes the crops naturally pest resistant.

Biology (16 decks)

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