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GCSE Biology > B6 - Preventing and Treating Disease > Flashcards

B6 - Preventing and Treating Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What do plants need from the soil to be healthy?

A

Ions

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2
Q

If there isnt enough ions from the soil, What happens to the plant?

A

They can suffer from dificiency symptoms

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3
Q

If there isnt enough nitrates, what happens to the plant?

A

Stunted growth

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4
Q

If there isnt enough magnesium, what happens to the plant?

A

Yellow leaves

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5
Q

What type of defences do plants have to stop pathogens?

A

Physical, chemical and mechanical defenses

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6
Q

What are some symptoms a plant may have when it is infected with a disease?

A

Stunted growth
Spots on the leaves
Abnormal growth
Discolouration of the leaves

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7
Q

Where would you find the physical defensive system on a plant?

A

Wavy cuticle
Cells walls
Layers of dead cells

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8
Q

Where would you find the mechanical defensive system of a plant?

A

Thorns
Hairs
Some plants mimic other organisms

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9
Q

How can painkillers manage disease?

A

Relieve pain and treat symptoms BUT do not kill the pathogens that cause it

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10
Q

What can painkillers NOT do?

A

Kill the pathogens that cause the disease

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11
Q

Who discovered the first antibiotic and what was it?

A

Alexander Flemming discovered Penicillin

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12
Q

How do antibiotics work?

A

They kill the bacteria that cause disease
Damaging bacterial cells and fungi cells without harming your own cells

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13
Q

How are antibiotics administered for common to mild diseases?

A

Taking a pill or syrup

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14
Q

How can antibiotics be administered for serious illness and disease?

A

It can injected straight into your bloodstream

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15
Q

Which Pathogens are susceptible to treatment with antibiotics?

A

Fungi and bacteria

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16
Q

Fungi and bacteria have become susceptible to some antibiotics.
What does this mean?

A

They have evolved to be resistent towards them

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17
Q

Which pathogen is NOT susceptible to antibiotics?

A

Viruses

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18
Q

Some antibiotics are ‘broad spectrum’.
What does this mean?

A

They can kill a wide range of bacteria unspecifically

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19
Q

What happens when patients dont finish their antibiotics course?

A

Antibiotic ressistent strains of bacteria can evolve

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20
Q

What is Digitalis?

A

A drug used to help strengthen the heartbeat

21
Q

Why are chemicals produced by plants (for defense) useful for humans?

A

It can be used ro treat human diseases or help diseases

22
Q

Where does the drug ‘digitalis’ come from?

A

Extracted from floxglove plants

23
Q

What is Aspirin?

A

A drug used as an everyday painkiller for aches and pains

24
Q

Where does the drug ‘Aspirin’ come from?

A

A compound found in willow trees

25
Q

What is Penicillin?

A

An antibiotic used to kill bacteria and cure infectious diseases

26
Q

Where does the anribiotic ‘Penicillin’ come from?

A

A mould called ‘Penecillium’

27
Q

What three things do drugs needed to be tested for before they can be licensed for use?

A

Toxicity
Efficacy
Dosage

28
Q

Before a deug can be licensed for use, they need to be tested for toxicity.
What does this mean?

A

To test if they are toxic

29
Q

Before a drug can be licensed for use, they need to be tested for Efficacy.
What does this mean?

A

To test if they do their job

30
Q

Before a drug can be licensed for use, they need to be tested for their Dosage.
What does this mean?

A

To test the safe and recommended amount of a drugs a human should take

31
Q

What happens in ‘preclinical testing’ when developing and testing a new drug?

A

The first stage where drugs are tested on human cells and tissues, and sometimes live animals

32
Q

What happens in ‘clinical testing’ when developing and testing a new drug?

A

Second stage where very low doses are given to healthy people. If the drug is safe, it is tested on people who have the disease

33
Q

What happens in the ‘licensing stage’ when developing and testing a new drug?

A

Granting or recieving permission to research, develop and distribute the drug

34
Q

What does ‘Placebo’ mean in Clinical testing?

A

Placebo is a substance that is like the drug but does not do anything

35
Q

What is the ‘Placebo effect’ mean in Clinical testing?

A

A phycological experiment where a patients physical/ mental health improves after taking a ‘Placebo’ treatment (they think its real)

36
Q

What is a ‘Blind Trial’ in Clinical testing?

A

When the patient does not know if they are recieving the drug or the Placebo

37
Q

What is a ‘Double Blind Trial’ in Clinical testing?

A

When both the doctor and patient dont know whether the patient is getting the drug or Placebo

38
Q

What is cancer caused by?

A

Uncontrolled cell growth and division

39
Q

All tumors are cancerous
True or False

A

False

40
Q

What is a Benign tumor?

A

A harmless tumor that grows until there is no room

41
Q

What is a Malignant tumor?

A

Dangerous tumors that grow and spread to neighbouring healthy tissues

42
Q

What are some lifestyle factors that increase the risk of developing cancer?

A

Smoking
Obesity
UV exposure

43
Q

What are B-lymphocytes?

A

A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies

44
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

A

From lots of clones of a single white blood cell

45
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

Protiens produced by engineered cells called hybridomas

46
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies made?

A

Scientists combine mice lymphocytes with a tumour cell to make a hybridoma.
These cells make a lots of identical cells that produce the same antibodies.
These antibodies are collected and purified

47
Q

What are the uses of monoclonal antibodies?

A

Helping immune system attack cancer cells
To carry radioactive substances for radiation therapy

48
Q

What are the advantages of using monoclonal antibodies?

A

Can treat a wide range of conditions
Only binds to specific cells that need treatment

49
Q

What are the disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies?

A

Carreid in the blood so possibility it affects healthy cells
Very expensive to develop
Side effects

GCSE Biology (11 decks)

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