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GCSE Biology > B5 - Communicable Diseases > Flashcards

B5 - Communicable Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Microorganisms that enter the body and cause communicable disease

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2
Q

What does harmful bacteria do when entering the body?

A

They reproduce very quickly and produce toxins that make us feel ill

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3
Q

What effect does the toxins bacteria produce have on your body?

A

The toxins damage your cells and tissues

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4
Q

What do viruses do when entering the body?

A

They reproduce very quickly then live and replicate inside your cells

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5
Q

What does fungi do to the body?

A

Have hyphae that grow and penetrate the human skin

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6
Q

What does fungi do to plants?

A

Penetrate the surface of the plants

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7
Q

What are three ways pathogens can be spread?

A

Water
Air
Direct Contact

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8
Q

How can pathogens be spread through water?

A

By drinking dirty water

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9
Q

How can pathogens be spread through Air?

A

It can be breathed in

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10
Q

How can pathogens be spread through direct contact?

A

Touching contaminated surfaces like the skin

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11
Q

What is measles?

A

A contagious viral infection

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12
Q

How are measles spread?

A

Droplets of liquid from sneezes and coughs get into the air

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13
Q

What are the symtoms of measles?

A

Red rashes on the skin and a fever

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14
Q

What is HIV?

A

A virus that damages the cells in your immune system until it can no longer deal with everyday infections

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15
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

Through sexual contact or exhanging body fluids

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16
Q

How is HIV treated?

A

There is no cure but can be controlled with antiviral drugs

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17
Q

Why are antiviral drugs used to control HIV?

A

It stops the viruses replicating

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18
Q

What is AIDS?

A

The late stage of HIV where the bodys immune system is too badly damaged and cannot cope with minor infections

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19
Q

What is Tobacco Mosaic Virus?

A

A virus that infects the chloroplasts of tobacco plants and closely related species

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20
Q

How is Tobacco Mosaic Virus spread?

A

Contact between diseases plant material and healthy plants
Insects can also act as vectors

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21
Q

Why is it called Tobacco ‘Mosaic’ virus?

A

Causes a distinctive ‘mosaic’ pattern of discolouration on the leaves

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22
Q

Why can Tobacco Mosaic Virus seriously reduce the yield of a crop?

A

The virus destroys the cells.
This affecrs the growth of a plant because the affected areas cannot photosynthesise

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23
Q

How is Tobacco Mosaic Virus prevented?

A

They is no treatment so farmers must isolate, keep good hygiene and have good pest control

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24
Q

How does bacteria cause disease?

A

They divide rapidly and produce toxins that make you feel ill and damage your cells

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25
Q

How do viruses cause disease?

A

They take over the cells in your body then live and reproduce inside the cells which damages and destroys them

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26
Q

Which mechanisms prevent diseases being transmitted?

A

Hygiene
Isolating infected individuals
Destroying or controlling vectors
Vaccination

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27
Q

What is Salmonella?

A

Bacteria that live in the guts of many different animals

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28
Q

What are the symtoms of salmonella infection?

A

Food poisoning
Fever
Abdominal cramps
Vomitting
Diarrhoea

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29
Q

What is the common cause of salmonella infection?

A

Eating undercooked food (bacteria have not been killed by heating)
Unhygenic conditions where the food is contaminated with salmonella bacteria from raw meat

30
Q

How can salmonella infection be prevented?

A

Good kitchen hygiene
Cook meat like chicken thoroughly

31
Q

What is Gonorrheoa?

A

A sexually transmitted disease caused by bacteria

32
Q

How is Gonorrhoea spread?

A

Unprotected sexual contact with an infected person

33
Q

What are the short term symtoms of Gonorrhoea?

A

Thick yellow-green discharge from vagina or penis
Urination pain

34
Q

What are the Long term symtoms of Gonorrhoea?

A

Pelvic pain
Infertility
Ectopic pregnancy

35
Q

How can Gonorrhoea be treated?

A

Its bacterial so can be treated with antibiotics

The individual infected and anyone who came into contact must be treated to prevent the spread

36
Q

What are protists?

A

Small, single-celled organisms that are rare pathogens

37
Q

What is Rose Black Spot fungal disease?

A

Black spots of Rose leaves appear on the plant which prevents photosynthesis so the plant cannot grow

38
Q

How is Rose Black Spot spread?

A

By wind or water

39
Q

How can the fungal disease, Rose Black Spot be treated?

A

Using fungicides and taking infected leaves off the plant

40
Q

What is Malaria protist disease?

A

A serious infection caused by mosquitos

41
Q

How is Malaria spread?

A

After feeding on infected animals, mosquitos carry the disease
When mosquitos feed on humans the protists are inserted into the blood vessels

42
Q

What are symtoms of Malaria?

A

It affects the liver and damage red blood cells
This causes constant fever and shaking

43
Q

How are mosquitos involved in the spread of the malarial protist parasite?

A

They act as vectors and pass it into the human blood stream

44
Q

How can the spread of malaria be controlled?

A

Using insectide to kill mosquitos
Preventing vectos from breeding
Taking drugs to prevent the spread

45
Q

What are 4 ways to prevent the spread of communicable disease?

A

Being hygenic
Destroying vectors
Isolation
Vaccination

46
Q

How does your skin protect you against communicable disease?

A

It acts as a physical barrier
Produces antimicrobial secretions to destroy pathogenic bacteria

47
Q

How does your nose protect you against comunnicable disease?

A

It has hair and mucus to trap particles and pathogens

48
Q

How does your trachea and bronchi protect you against comunnicable disease?

A

They have cilia which transports mucus back towards the throat so it can be swallowed or spat out

49
Q

How does your stomach protect you against comunnicable disease?

A

It produces hydrochloric acid (very acidic) to destroy any pathogens that were in your food an any mucus you have swallowed

50
Q

What is a parasite?

A

An organism that lives on or inside other organisms, while surviving on their expense

51
Q

How are protists often transported?

A

By vectors

52
Q

Do mosquitos suffer from the protists of malaria?

A

No. They are vectors so they only carry the disease

53
Q

What is the most important part of our immune system?

A

The White Blood Cells

54
Q

What are the three functions of White Blood Cells?

A

Phagocytosis
Producing antitoxins
Producing antibodies

55
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

When phagocytes bind with pathogens engulf (injest) them and then digest them

56
Q

What can phagocytes do?

A

Engulf (or injest) pathogens

57
Q

What can lymphocytes do?

A

Produce antiebodies
Produce antitoxins

58
Q

How do antibodies work?

A

lymphocytes produce them and lock onto the antigens of the pathogen
White blood cells can then destroy the pathogen

59
Q

How does vaccination work?

A

You are injected with a dead or weakened version of the pathogen
Because this pathogen carries antigens, it teaches your lymphocytes to produce specific antibodies to attack the pathogen

If you are ever infected again, your lymphocytes are now trained to produce those antibodies but even quicker

60
Q

What are the pros of vaccination?

A
  • Helps to control common communicable diseases
  • Epidemics can be prevented
61
Q

What is an Epidemic?

A

A disease outbreak that affects a large population

62
Q

What are the cons of vaccination?

A
  • They dont always work
  • some people can have a bad reaction to a vaccine however it is very rare
  • They dont work on plants
63
Q

Why do lymphocytes produce antitoxins?

A

They counteract and neutralise the toxins released from the pathogens

64
Q

Who can communicable disease be spread between?

A

People to people
Animals and people

65
Q

What microorganisms cause communicable disease?

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasites

66
Q

What is meant by health?

A

The state of physical and mental well-being

67
Q

Are viruses cells?

A

No they are much smaller

68
Q

Why do you get that feeling of illness when you have a virus?

A

The cell damage make you feel ill

69
Q

What is a ‘Communicable’ disease?

A

A type of pathogen which can be spread between humans or plants through air, water and food

70
Q

What is a ‘Communicable’ disease?

A

A type of pathogen which can be spread between humans or plants through air, water and food

GCSE Biology (11 decks)

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