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GCSE Biology > B10 - Nervous System > Flashcards

B10 - Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is your internal environment?

A

The conditions inside your body

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2
Q

Why cant your internal environment change?

A

Your organs and reactions wont work

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3
Q

What happens to your enzymes when your body is too hot?

A

They will denature and the activesite wont work

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4
Q

What happens to your enzymes when your body is too cold?

A

Enzymes will slow down so less reactions will take place

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5
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

the regulation of internal conditions inside cells or organisms, to create the optimum conditions for biological function

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6
Q

What are three things that homeostasis controls?

A

Temperature
Water levels
Glucose concentration in the blood

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7
Q

Why is homeostasis important?

A

You need fhe right conditions for enzyme action

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8
Q

What are 2 automatic control systems in your body?

A

The nervous and hormonal communication systems

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9
Q

What is the negative feedback mechanism?

A

Where automatic control systems keep your internal environment stable

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10
Q

Where is the Central Nervous System (CNS) located?

A

the brain and spinal cord only

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11
Q

What are sensory neurones?

A

Neurones that carry information as elctrical impulses from the receptors to the CNS

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12
Q

What are the effectors?

A

All your muscles and glands which respond to nervous impulses

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13
Q

What do receptor cells detect?

A

The stimuli

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14
Q

Name 3 different types of receptors and where they would be located?

A

Taste receptors on the tounge
Sound receptors in the ears
Light receptors in the eye

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15
Q

What do effectors do?

A

They respond to nervous impulses and bring about a change

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16
Q

What is a ‘stimulus’?

A

A change in environment

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17
Q

What is the function of the central nervous system(CNS)?

A

The co-ordination centre. It recieves information from the receptors and then co-ordinates a response

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18
Q

What are Motor Neurones?

A

Neurones that carry electrical impulses from ghr CNS to effectors

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19
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The connection between two neurones

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20
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Rapid, automatic responses to certain stimuli that dont involve the conscious part of the brain

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21
Q

How does the Automatic control system work when your body is in a cold environment?

A

Low temperature stimulus will be detected by skin receptors
They send impulses to the CNS
They interpret the informations and then send another signal to the effectors (muscles)
Msucles shiver so we eventually warm up

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22
Q

How does the Automatic control system work when your your eyes are faced with bright light?

A

Bright light stimulus will be detected by light receptors in the retina
They send impulses to the CNS
They interpret the informations and then send another signal to the effectors (muscles)
Iris muscles contract to make the pupils smaller

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23
Q

What is the simple function of a nerve cell?

A

To carry eletrical impulses from one point to another

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24
Q

How is information passed from one nerve cell to another?

A

When an electrical impulse reaches the end of a nerve, it releases chemicals which diffuses to the next nerve cell that triggers another electrical impulse

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25
Q

What are the two main types of nerve cells?

A

Sensory neurones
Motor neurones

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26
Q

What is the order messages are sent through the body?

A

Stimuli - receptors - sensory neurones - CNS - Motor Neurones - effectors

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27
Q

What is the order messages are sent through the body?

A

Stimuli - receptors - sensory neurones - CNS - Motor Neurones - effectors

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28
Q

What is a relflex arc?

A

A nerve pathway that happens during a reflex

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29
Q

What is the difference between information passages with a reflex arc and a normal nervous system response?

A

Reflec arc uses a relay neurone in the CNS to connect the sensory snd motor neurones

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30
Q

What is reaction time?

A

How long it takes you to respond to a stimulus

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31
Q

What drug can speed up a persons reaction time?

A

Caffeine

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32
Q

Explain the experiment of testing reaction time

A

Sit with arm resting at the edge of a table and look straight while someone drops the ruler between your fingers at 0cm

Repeat this with a caffeinated drink

33
Q

What are some variables you must control in the reaction time experiment?

A

Same person
Same hand
Same initial height of ruler

34
Q

What is the brain made up of?

A

Billions of interconnected neurones

35
Q

Whats another word for neurones?

A

Nerve cells

36
Q

What two things make up the central nervous system?

A

The brain and spinal cord

37
Q

What does the term “cross-section” mean when looking at something?

A

It has been sliced in the middle to see inside

38
Q

Where is the cerebral crotex in our brain and what is is responsible for?

A

The outer wrinkly bit
responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory and language

39
Q

The cerebral cortex is split into two halves. What do we call these?

A

Hemispheres

40
Q

What does the left hemisphere of our cerebral cortex control?
What does the right hemisphere of our cerebral cortex control?

A

Left - controls the muscles on the right side of our body
Right - controls the muscles on the left side of our body

41
Q

Where is the cerebellum in our brain and what is is responsible for?

A

The back of the brain
responsible for balance and muscle co-ordination

42
Q

Where is the Medulla in our brain and what is is responsible for?

A

At the bottom within the brainstem
responsible for things you dont need to think about like breathing and heart beat

43
Q

What are the three ways scientists study the brain?

A

Studying patients with brain damage
Electrically srimulating parts of the brain
MRI scans

44
Q

Neuroscientists study the brain by studying patients with brain damage. How?

A

Seeing which damaged parts of the brain damage body function.

45
Q

Neuroscientists study the brain by electrically stimulatings parts of it. How?

A

Using a tiny electrode to zap parts of the brain. Can see which areas zapped can affect the body

46
Q

What are MRI scans?

A

A machine that produces a detailed pictures of the brains activity when it does something. Like listening to music

47
Q

Why is treating the brain so difficult?

A

High risk of damage
Very complex

48
Q

What is the Sclera in an eye?

A

The white and tough part that supports the eye

49
Q

What is the cornea of an eye?

A

The transparent outer layer found in the front of the eye. It refracts light into the eye

50
Q

What is the Iris in an eye?

A

The coloured bit of an eye that contains muscles that control the diameter of the pupil

51
Q

Why does the Iris contain muscles to control the diameter of the pupil?

A

To control how much light gets into the eye

52
Q

Why is the cornea completely transparent?

A

To allow all the light to pass through

53
Q

Since the cornera doesnt have any blood vessels, how does it get its oxygen?

A

from the outside air by diffusion

54
Q

What does the Lens in an eye do?

A

Change shape to control how strongly it refracts the light onto the retina

55
Q

What two types of receptor cells are in the retina and w

A

Cone cells
Rod cells

56
Q

What are cone cells?

A

Cells that are sensitive to light so allow us to see colour

57
Q

What are rod cells?

A

Cells that are more sensitive to light in the dark so allow us to see black and white

58
Q

Why cant you see colour in the dark?

A

Only you rod cells are working

59
Q

What is thr function of the optic nerve?

A

Carries impulses from the receptors on the retina to the brain

60
Q

What is the iris relfex

A

A relflex that controls the size of your pupil

61
Q

What is the name for a pupil that becomes smaller in the bright light conditions?

A

Constricted

62
Q

What is the name for a pupil that becomes larger in the low light conditions?

A

Dilated

63
Q

How does a pupil get smaller in bright light?

A

The circular muscles in the iris contract and the radial muscles relax

64
Q

How does a pupil get bigger in low light?

A

The radial muscles contract and the circular muscles relax

65
Q

What is ‘accomodation’ in terms of the eye?

A

A relflex that changes the refractive power of the lens

66
Q

What happens to the cilary muscles and suspensory ligaments when you look at near objects?

A

The cilary muscle contract and the suspensory ligaments slacken

67
Q

Why, when you look at near by objects, your cilary msucles contract and suspensory ligaments slacken?

A

So the lens can become curved to increase the amount it refracts light

68
Q

What happens to the cilary muscles and suspensory ligaments when you look at distant objects?

A

Th ciliary muslces slacken and the suspensory ligaments contract

69
Q

Why, when you look at distant by objects, your ciliary muscles relax and suspensory ligaments contract?

A

The lens becomes thin so it decreases the amount it refracts light

70
Q

What are long sighted people unable to focus on?

A

Near objects

71
Q

What are short sighted people unable to focus on?

A

Distant objects

72
Q

If the lens is the wrong shape for a long sighted person, what happens?

A

Doesnt refract light enough
Eye ball is is too short

73
Q

If the lens is the wrong shape for a short sighted person, what happens?

A

Refracts too much light
Eyeball is too long

74
Q

What is the medical term for long-sightedness?

A

Hyperopia

75
Q

What is the medical term for short-sightedness?

A

Myopia

76
Q

What lens would a longsighted person wear and what lens would a shortsighted person wear?

A

Long - convex lens
Short - concave lens

77
Q

What are three alternatives to glasses for someone who is long/short-sighted?

A

Contact lens
Laser eye surgery
Replacement eye surgery

78
Q

What is the acronym CCSS when looking at near objects?

A

Ciliary muscles contract
Suspensory ligament slacken

79
Q

What is the acronym CCRR when talkng about pupils getting smaller?

A

Circular muscles contract
Radial muscles relax

GCSE Biology (11 decks)

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