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GCSE Biology > B1 - Cell Structure and Transport > Flashcards

B1 - Cell Structure and Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of a cell wall?

A

The outer layer of a plant cell which strengthens and supports the cell

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2
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Control centre of the cell and contains all the DNA

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3
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls what enters and leaves the cells

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4
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

The site of protein synthesis

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5
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

The site of aerobic respiration (release of energy from food)

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6
Q

What is the function of the Chloroplasts?

A

Contains chlorophyll, site of photosynthesis

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7
Q

What is the function of the large permanent vacuole?

A

It stores cell sap

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8
Q

In which type of cell would you find a cell wall?

A

Plant cell only

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9
Q

In which type of cell would you find ribsomes?

A

Both animal and plant cells

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10
Q

Name 2 differences between plant cells and animal cells

A

Plant cells have a cell wall, a vacuole and chloroplasts whereas an animal cell does not.

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11
Q

How do you calculate the total magnification?

A

Total magnification = Eyepiece lens x objective lens

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12
Q

Define resolution

A

the ability of a microscope to distinguish how clear the details are of a specimen

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13
Q

Define magnification

A

how much bigger an image is made, compared to it’s actual size.

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14
Q

What microscope do you use for viewing small organelles like ribosomes?

A

An electron microscope

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15
Q

What type of DNA do prokaryotic cells have?

A

1 circular chromosome which is NOT enclosed by a nucleus

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16
Q

What type of DNA do eukaryotic cells have?

A

Lots of linear (straight) chromosomes which are enclosed by a nucleus

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17
Q

How do you calculate the magnification when using size?

A

. Size of image
Magnification = ————————
Real size of
Object

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18
Q

Give two advantages of using an electron microscope instead of a light microscope

A

It has higher magnification
It has higher resolution

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19
Q

What are examples of Eukaryotic cells?

A

Animal cells
Plant cells

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20
Q

What is an example of a prokaryotic cell?

A

Bacteria cells

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21
Q

What are the three factors that affect the rate of diffusion?

A

The concentration gradient
Temperature
Surface area

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22
Q

What does it mean if a cell membrane is partially permable?

A

Only some particles can diffuse through them

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23
Q

Why does the temperature affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Higher temperatures gives the particles more energy and make them move faster

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24
Q

Why does the surface area of the membrane affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Higher rate of diffusion as there is more area for the particles to pass

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25
Q

What is Diffusion?

A

The net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration, to an area of lower concentration

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26
Q

What does net movement mean?

A

The Overall movement

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27
Q

How does the concentration gradeint affect the rate of diffusion?

A

the larger the concentration gradient (a bigger difference in particles), the faster the rate of diffusion will be

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28
Q

What is Osmosis

A

The net movement of water molecules across a partially permable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration

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29
Q

What are solutes?

A

Dissolved particles like sugar or salt

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30
Q

What is Osmosis in terms of Diffusion?

A

It is The Diffusion of Water Molecules

31
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of molecules across a mebrane, from a region of low concentration, to a region of high concentration that requires energy from cellular respiration

32
Q

what does active transport need to move?

A

Energy from respiration

33
Q

Which process provides the energy required for active transport?

A

Respiration

34
Q

Where do plants absorb mineral ions from?

A

The soil

35
Q

What does chlorophyll do in the chlorplasts?

A

Absorb light so plants can make food by photosynthesis

36
Q

Why do root hair cells not need chloroplasts?

A

They are underground so they dont photosynthesise

37
Q

Do all plants have chlorophyll?

A

No

38
Q

What does a eukaryotic cell’s stucture include?

A

A cell membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material enclosed in a nucleus

39
Q

What does a prokaryotic cell’s stucture include?

A

A cytoplasm and a cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall
Circular chromosomes not enclosed by a nucleus

40
Q

How are sperm cells adapted for their function?

A

Streamlined head and long flagella to aid with swimming
Carries digetive enzymes in its head to digest the egg cell membrane

41
Q

How are nerve cells adapted for their function?

A

The axon is long which means the impulses can be carried along long distances
Branched connections to make a network in the body

42
Q

How are muscle cells adapted for their function?

A

Long and have lots of mitochondria to provide energy for contraction

43
Q

How are root hair cells adapted for their function?

A

Have a large surface area so more water can be absorbed by osmosis
Lots of mitochondria

44
Q

How are xylem cells adapted for their function?

A

joined end-to-end to form a hollow continuous tube so water and mineral ions can move through

45
Q

How are phloem cells adapted for their function?

A

Have few organelles so food can move faster

46
Q

What is the function of sperm cells?

A

To fertilise the egg cell for reproduction

47
Q

What is the function of nerve cells?

A

Transmits electrical impulses

48
Q

What is the function of muscle cells?

A

To absorb water and mineral ions

49
Q

What is the function of xylem cells in a plant?

A

To transport water and mineral ions from the roots to the shoots in a plant

50
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Circles of DNA that contain non-essential genes

51
Q

What is the nucleus structure of a bacterial cell?

A

No nucleus, only a single strand of DNA in cytoplasm

52
Q

Why is diffusion decribed as a ‘passive process’?

A

It doesnt require any energy from the cell

53
Q

Why is active transport decribed as an ‘active process’?

A

It requires energy from the cell

54
Q

Why do root hair cells have lots of mitchondria?

A

To absorb mineral ions by active transport

55
Q

Using a diagram, why do bacterial cells not contain mitochondria?

A

Bacterial cells are about the same size as a mitochondrion - no room

56
Q

What are Eukaryotes made up of?

A

Eukaryotic cells

57
Q

What are Prokaryotes made up of?

A

Prokaryotic cells

58
Q

What is the cell wall made out of?

A

Cellulose

59
Q

What is cell sap?

A

A weak solution of sugar and salts

60
Q

What do light microscopes help us see?

A

Individual cells
Large subcellular structures (like nuclei)

61
Q

How do convert from micrometers to millimetres?

A

Divide by 1000

62
Q

How do you convert from miilmetres to micrometres?

A

Multiply by 1000

63
Q

What is a slide in microscopy?

A

A clear strip of glass which the specimen is mounted on

64
Q

How do prepare a slide to view onion cells in microscopy?

A

Add drop of water to the slide
Use tweezers to peel epidermal tissue of the onion
Place that onto the slide and add a drop of iodine solution
Place a cover slip on top.

65
Q

Why do you add iodine solution to the epidermal layer of an onion when doing a microscopy practical?

A

Iodine solution is a stain
Stains highlight objects in a cell by giving them colour

66
Q

How do you use a light microscope in microscopy?

A

Clip the prepared slide onto the stage
Select the lowest-powered objective lens and use the adjustment knob to move the stage up
Look down eyepiece and use the adjustment knob until image is roughly in focus
Use fine adjustment knob until image is clear
Toggle magnification power if needed

67
Q

Why dont you bring the stage all the way up when doing a microscopy experiment?

A

You dont want to touch the objective lens

68
Q

What will happen to the mass of a potato that is added to a concentrated salt solution?

A

Water will move out the potato by osmosis, meaning the mass will decrease

69
Q

What is the purpose of active transport in the blood?

A

Transporting nutrients into the blood stream even when the blood has a higher concentration

70
Q

When a red blood cell and a plant cell are put into a beaker, the red blood cell bursts while the plant cell does not. Why is this?

A

Water enters the cells by osmosis
Thry both will swell
Plant cell wont burst as it has a cell wall

71
Q

Plant cells use osmosis to absorb _______
Plant cells use acrive transport to absorb __________

A

Water
Mineral ions

72
Q

Suggest why a student couldnt see any cells when looking through a microscope

A

The objective lens was dirty

73
Q

The chromosomes contain the genetic material.
Name the chemical which the genetic material is made from.

A

DNA

GCSE Biology (11 decks)

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