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GCSE Biology > B11 - Hormonal Co-ordination > Flashcards

B11 - Hormonal Co-ordination Flashcards

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1
Q

What temperature is the optimum temperature for enzymes in the body?

A

37°C

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2
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

The control of our internal body temperature

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3
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

Constricting the blood vessels near our skin to conserve heat

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4
Q

What are some mechanisms our body uses to warm us up?

A

Vasoconstrictiom
Shivering
Contraction of erector muscles

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5
Q

What is shivering?

A

Where your muscles contract automatically to heat you up

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6
Q

When your body is trying to warm up, ehy foes your body contract erector muscles?

A

It makes the hair on your skin to stand up to trap air for isolation

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7
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

Where the blood vessels near your skin expand so more heat energy can be transferred to the surroundings

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8
Q

What is sweat?

A

A mixure of water and salt cool us down

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9
Q

How does sweat work to cool us down?

A

The sweat will evaporate, taking the heat energy away with it

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10
Q

What is blood glucose concentration?

A

The amount of glucose in our blood stream

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11
Q

What would hapoen to your blood glucose concentration, if you eat food with alor of carbohydrates?

A

It will increase

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12
Q

What detects a rise in glucose levels?

A

The pancreas

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13
Q

What hormone does the pancreas produce?

A

Insulin and Glucagon

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14
Q

What does insulin in your blood stream do?

A

It binds to receptors on certain cells, which tells those cells to take in some of the glucpse in your blood

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15
Q

What is glucagen?

A

A large molecule made up of lots of glucose molecules

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16
Q

What does glucagon do in the blood stream?

A

It binds to liver cells which take glycogen and break it down glucose

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17
Q

What is released when blood glucose levels are too high?

A

Insulin

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18
Q

What is released when blood glucose levels are too low?

A

Glucagon

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19
Q

What are some mechanisms our body uses to cool us down?

A

Vasodilation
Effector muscles relax
Sweat

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20
Q

What are primary sexual characteristics?

A

The sexual characteristics you are bown with (testes/ovaries)

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21
Q

What is the secondary sexual characteristics?

A

The characteristics your develop through puberty

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22
Q

What is the main reproductive hormone for females and what is it produced by?

A

Oestrogen and its produced by the ovaries

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23
Q

What changes does a rise in oestrogen bring?

A

Breasts develop
Female pattern of fat is deposited on the hips and thighs
Mature eggs start to form every month in the ovaies

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24
Q

What is ovulation?

A

Where the uterus produces a thickened lining and a mature egg is released

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25
Q

What does FSH stand for?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

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26
Q

What does FSH cause?

A

The eggs in the ovary to mature

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27
Q

What does LH stand for?

A

Lutienising hormone

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28
Q

What does LH do?

A

Stimulates the release of the egg at ovulation

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29
Q

What does oestrogen and progesterone stimulate?

A

The build up and maintainence of the uterus lining

30
Q

What happens during menopause?

A

The supply of eggs runs out and a woman becomes infertile

31
Q

What is the main reproductive hormone in males and what is it produced by?

A

Testosterone and its produced by the testes

32
Q

What changes does a rise in testosterone bring?

A

Pubic hair and facial hair grow
Larynx gets bigger and the voice breaks
Muscles develop

33
Q

What is the average length of the menstrual cycle?

A

28 days

34
Q

What is stage 1 of the menstrual cycle (day 0-4)?

A

The uterus lining breaks down

35
Q

What is stage 2 of the menstrual cycle (day 4-14)?

A

The uterus lining builds up again

36
Q

What is stage 3 of the menstrual cycle (day14)?

A

Ovulation - An egg develops and is released from the ovary

37
Q

What is stage 4 of the menstrual cycle? (Day 14-28)?

A

The wall is maintained ready for an egg to be fertilised

38
Q

What happens if the egg has not been fertiilised between day 14-28 in stage 4?

A

The menstrual cycle will repeat

39
Q

Where is oestrogen and progesterone produced?

A

In the ovaries

40
Q

What is FSH and LH produced by?

A

The pituitary gland

41
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

Caused the lining of the uterus to grow
stimulates the release of LH
Inhibits the release of FSH

42
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Maintains the lining of the uterus in stage 4
Inhibits the release of FSH and LH

43
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Causes an egg to mature in the ovaries

44
Q

What does LH do?

A

Stimulates the release of an egg (ovulation)

45
Q

What are some ways of reducing fertility?

A

Contraceptive pills
Barriers
Abstinence

46
Q

What are some ways you can increase fertility?

A

Giving a woman FSH and LH
IVF

47
Q

What is IVF?

A

Where and embryo in grown in a lab

48
Q

What is a pro of IVF?

A

Gives an infertile couple a child

49
Q

What are some disadvantages of IVF?

A

Success rate is low
Emotionally and physically stressful for the woman

50
Q

What is adrenaline?

A

A hormone released by the adrenal glands

51
Q

Why is adrenaline released?

A

Its response to stressful or scary situations so your body is ready to fight or flight

52
Q

What is thyroxine?

A

A hormone released by the thyroid gland

53
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

Just above the kidneys

54
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

In the neck

55
Q

Why is Thyroxine released?

A

To regualte the basal metabolic rate
And stimulating protein synthesis

56
Q

What is the BASAL metabolic rate?

A

The SPEED at which chemical reactions in thr body occur while the body is at REST

57
Q

What is auxin?

A

A plant hormone that controls growth near the tips of shoots and roots

58
Q

Where is auxin produced?

A

In the tips of the plant

59
Q

What 3 ways can plants use hormones to respond to their environment?

A

Sense light - grow their shoots towards it
Sense gravity - grow their roots downwards
Sense touch - to climb up other objects

60
Q

What does the phrase ‘Positively Phototropic’ mean?

A

Grows towards the light

61
Q

What does the phrase ‘Negatively Phototropic’ mean?

A

Grows away from the light

62
Q

If the sun is facing at a shoot from the left, what will the auxins do?

A

It will produce the hormone of the right side to make it grow, bend, and face the sun

63
Q

What does the phrase ‘Positively Geotropic’ mean?

A

Grows towards the ground

64
Q

What does the phrase ‘Negatively Geotropic’ mean?

A

Grows away from the ground

65
Q

In terms of phototropic and gravitropic, what is a shoot?

A

Positvely phototropic
Negatively gravitropic

66
Q

In terms of phototropic and gravitropic, what is a root?

A

Negatively phototropic
Positively phototropic

67
Q

If a root is horizontal, what will the auxins do?

A

Inhibit growth at the bottom, to let the top grow to curve it

68
Q

What can auxins be used for?

A

To stimulate plants to grow
To kill weeds

69
Q

If you add too much auxins to a plant, what will happen?

A

It will disrupt the plants growth patterns, which causes it to die

70
Q

What are 3 main uses of Gibberellin?

A

Controlling dormancy
Inducing flowering
Growing larger fruit

71
Q

What is Ethene used for?

A

Used to stimulate the ripening of fruit

GCSE Biology (11 decks)

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