B11 - Hormonal Co-ordination Flashcards
What temperature is the optimum temperature for enzymes in the body?
37°C
What is thermoregulation?
The control of our internal body temperature
What is vasoconstriction?
Constricting the blood vessels near our skin to conserve heat
What are some mechanisms our body uses to warm us up?
Vasoconstrictiom
Shivering
Contraction of erector muscles
What is shivering?
Where your skeletal muscles contract automatically to heat you up
When your body is trying to warm up, ehy foes your body contract erector muscles?
It makes the hair on your skin to stand up to trap air for isolation
What is vasodilation?
Where the blood vessels near your skin expand so more heat energy can be transferred to the surroundings
What is sweat?
A mixure of water and salt cool us down
How does sweat work to cool us down?
The sweat will evaporate, taking the heat energy away with it
What is blood glucose concentration?
The amount of glucose in our blood stream
What would hapoen to your blood glucose concentration, if you eat food with alor of carbohydrates?
It will increase
What organ detects a rise in glucose levels?
The pancreas
What hormone does the pancreas produce?
Insulin and Glucagon
What does insulin in your blood stream do?
It binds to receptors on certain cells, which tells those cells to take in some of the glucpse in your blood
What is glucagen?
A large molecule made up of lots of glucose molecules
What does glucagon do in the blood stream?
It binds to liver cells which take glycogen and break it down glucose
What is released when blood glucose levels are too high?
Insulin
What is released when blood glucose levels are too low?
Glucagon
What are some mechanisms our body uses to cool us down?
Vasodilation
Effector muscles relax
Sweat
What are primary sexual characteristics?
The sexual characteristics you are bown with (testes/ovaries)
What is the secondary sexual characteristics?
The characteristics your develop through puberty
What is the main reproductive hormone for females and what is it produced by?
Oestrogen and its produced by the ovaries
What changes does a rise in oestrogen bring?
Breasts develop
Female pattern of fat is deposited on the hips and thighs
Mature eggs start to form every month in the ovaies
What is ovulation?
Where the uterus produces a thickened lining and a mature egg is released
What does FSH stand for?
Follicle stimulating hormone
What does FSH stimulate?
The eggs in the ovary to mature
The ovaries to produce oestrogen
What does LH stand for?
Lutienising hormone
What does LH stimulate
Stimulates the release of the egg at ovulation
What does oestrogen and progesterone stimulate?
The build up and maintainence of the uterus lining
What happens during menopause?
The supply of eggs runs out and a woman becomes infertile
What is the main reproductive hormone in males and what is it produced by?
Testosterone and its produced by the testes
What changes does a rise in testosterone bring?
Pubic hair and facial hair grow
Larynx gets bigger and the voice breaks
Muscles develop
What is the average length of the menstrual cycle?
28 days
What is stage 1 of the menstrual cycle (day 0-4)?
The uterus lining breaks down
What is stage 2 of the menstrual cycle (day 4-14)?
The uterus lining builds up again
What is stage 3 of the menstrual cycle (day14)?
Ovulation - An egg develops and is released from the ovary
What is stage 4 of the menstrual cycle? (Day 14-28)?
The wall is maintained ready for an egg to be fertilised
What happens if the egg has not been fertiilised between day 14-28 in stage 4?
The menstrual cycle will repeat
Where is oestrogen and progesterone produced?
In the ovaries
What is FSH and LH produced by?
The pituitary gland
What does oestrogen do?
Caused the lining of the uterus to grow
stimulates the release of LH
Inhibits the release of FSH
What does progesterone do?
Maintains the lining of the uterus in stage 4
Inhibits the release of FSH and LH
What does FSH do?
Causes an egg to mature in the ovaries
What does LH do?
Stimulates the release of an egg (ovulation)
What are some ways of reducing fertility?
Contraceptive pills
Barriers
Abstinence
What are some ways you can increase fertility?
Giving a woman FSH and LH
IVF
What is IVF?
Where egg cells are fertilised with sperm cells in a lab
It grows into an embryo and then js implanted back into the women’s uterus lining to grow into a foetus
What is a pro of IVF?
Gives an infertile couple a child
What are some disadvantages of IVF?
Success rate is low
Emotionally and physically stressful for the woman
What is adrenaline?
A hormone released by the adrenal glands
Why is adrenaline released?
Its response to stressful or scary situations so your body is ready to fight or flight
What is thyroxine?
A hormone released by the thyroid gland
Where are the adrenal glands located?
Just above the kidneys
Where is the thyroid gland located?
In the neck
Why is Thyroxine released?
To regualte the basal metabolic rate
And stimulating protein synthesis
What is the BASAL metabolic rate?
The SPEED at which chemical reactions in thr body occur while the body is at REST
What is auxin?
A plant hormone that controls growth near the tips of shoots and roots
Where is auxin produced?
In the tips of the plant
What 3 ways can plants use hormones to respond to their environment?
Sense light - grow their shoots towards it
Sense gravity - grow their roots downwards
Sense touch - to climb up other objects
What does the phrase ‘Positively Phototropic’ mean?
Grows towards the light
What does the phrase ‘Negatively Phototropic’ mean?
Grows away from the light
If the sun is facing at a shoot from the left, what will the auxins do?
It will produce the hormone of the right side to make it grow, bend, and face the sun
What does the phrase ‘Positively Geotropic’ mean?
Grows towards the ground
What does the phrase ‘Negatively Geotropic’ mean?
Grows away from the ground
In terms of phototropic and gravitropic, what is a shoot?
Positvely phototropic
Negatively gravitropic
In terms of phototropic and gravitropic, what is a root?
Negatively phototropic
Positively phototropic
If a root is horizontal, what will the auxins do?
Inhibit growth at the bottom, to let the top grow to curve it
What can auxins be used for?
To stimulate plants to grow
To kill weeds
If you add too much auxins to a plant, what will happen?
It will disrupt the plants growth patterns, which causes it to die
What are 3 main uses of Gibberellin?
Controlling dormancy
Inducing flowering
Growing larger fruit
What is Ethene used for?
Used to stimulate the ripening of fruit
What are two differences between The Nervous System and The Endocrine System?
The Endocrine system is slower compared to The Nervous system
The Endoctrine system is longer lasting compared to The Nervous System (short lasting)
What are two differences between The Nervous System and The Endocrine System?
The Endocrine system is slower compared to The Nervous system
The Endoctrine system is longer lasting compared to The Nervous System (short lasting)
What are two effects of adrenaline on the body?
Increased breathing rate
Gets the body ready for ‘fight or flight’
What hormones does Oestrogen Stimulate and Inhibit?
Stimulates the release of LH
Inhibits the rlease of FSH
What hormones does Progesterone inhibit?
FSH and LH
Where is LH and FSH produced?
In the pituitary gland
Why, when you drink a bottle of cold water, your brain cools down
blood is cooled at the stomach and the cool blood flows to the brain
(Brain + digestive system closely connected)
Explain how the production of thyroxine causes an increase in body temperature.
Leads to more chemical reactions occurring. This increases respiration which releases energy.
That increases the temperature
