B4 - Organising Animals and Plants Flashcards
1
Q
How many chambers does a heart have?
A
4
2
Q
What are the top chambers of the heart called?
A
The atrias
3
Q
What are the bottom chambers of the heart called?
A
The ventricles
4
Q
What type of blood flows through the vena cava (right side of heart)?
A
Deoxygenated blood (from the body)
5
Q
What type of blood flows through the pulmonary vein (the left side of the heart)?
A
Oxygenated blood (from the lungs)
6
Q
Where does the pulmonary vein flow into?
A
The right atrium
7
Q
What is the function of the arteries?
A
To carry blood away from the heart
8
Q
What are the functions of veins?
A
To carry blood to the heart
9
Q
Which organ system is responsible for the movement of blood?
A
The Circulatory System
10
Q
What do white blood cells do?
A
Part of the body’s defensive system against harmful microorganisms
11
Q
What do Platelets do?
A
Help the blood to clot at the site of wounds
12
Q
What do red blood cells do?
A
Take oxygen from the lungs and carry it to the cells that need it
13
Q
What does Plasma do?
A
Carries Red blood cells, White blood cells, and platelets
14
Q
What are capilliaries?
A
Huge network of tiny vessels linking arteires and veins
15
Q
What happens when someone has coronary heart disease?
A
Arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrow or blocked
16
Q
What is a cause of coronary heart disease?
A
Build up of fatty material on the lining of the vessels
17
Q
What are coronary arteries?
A
Arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle
18
Q
What is the effect of coronary heart disease?
A
Supply of oxygen to the heart is reduced
This can lead to severe pain and heart attacks
19
Q
What is a stent?
A
A metal mesh in the artery to open up the blood vessel by inflating a tiny balloon.
20
Q
What happens in bypass surgery?
A
Replacing the narrow or blocked coronary arteries with bits of veins from other parts of the body
21
Q
Why do doctors prescribe statins to anyone at risk from cardiovascular disease
A
It reduces blood cholesterol levels and slows the rate of fatty materials deposited in the arteries
22
Q
What is an artificial pace maker?
A
An elctrical device used to correct irregularities in the heart rate
23
Q
Which process do all of our cells carry out for energy?
A
Cellular respiration
24
Q
What is the chronoligical order air is passed? Starting from the nose
A
Nose
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
25
What happens in the Alveoli?
The site of gas exhange
26
What are aveolis made up of?
A very thin layer of cells
27
Why are aveolis layers very thin?
to create a short diffusion pathway with the blood capillaries
28
Why does each alveolus and blood capillary need a short diffusion pathway?
It Increases the rate of which carbon dioxide and oxygen can diffuse
29
What are all the factors that help increase diffusion between an aveolus and a blood capillary?
Aveoli have large surface areas
Short diffusion pathway
Alveoli walls are moist - gases are easily dissolved
Rich blood supply creates a high concentration gradient
30
What does bpm mean?
Breaths per minute
31
What are the solutions to a damaged heart valve?
Mechanical heart valves
Biological heart valves
32
What is a bypass surgery?
Replacing the narrow or blocked coronary arteries with bits of veins from other parts of the body
33
What goes in and out of the alveoli by diffusion?
Oxygen in
Carbon dioxide out
34
Where does photosynthesis take place?
Pigments called Chlorphyll in Chloroplasts
35
What is the photosynthesis equation?
. Light
Carbon dioxide + Water -----------> Glucose + Oxygen
36
What affects the rate of photosynthesis
Light intensity
Temperature
Concentration of carbon dioxide in air
Amount of chlorophyll present
37
Where is stomata found in a plant?
The lower epidemis
38
Where does carbon dioxide diffuse into?
The stomata holes
39
Where are all the chloroplasts found in a leaf?
The palisade mesophyll
40
Why does the spongy mesophyll in a leaf structure have so much air gaps?
So the carbon dioxide gas can easily diffuse through to the next layer
41
What is the journey of carbon dioxide through a leaf structure?
Lower epidmermis
Spongy mesophyll
Palisade msophyll
42
Why is the lower epidmermis, spongy mesophyll and palisade mesophyll so close together?
For a short diffusion path
43
What do xylem vessels do?
Transport water and dissolved minerals towards the leaf
They also support and strengthen the leaf structure
44
What is water loss called?
Transpiration
45
How is water absorbed into the roots?
Osmosis
46
What do Phloem vessels do?
Transport glucose and other products made by photosynthesis, around the plant
47
What do the guard cells do?
They control the rate of gas exchange in the leaf
48
How do plants absorb water?
Osmosis
49
Which body part are xylem cells constrasted to?
Veins
50
What is transpiration?
The loss of water by evaporation and diffusion from the leaves of a plant
51
What environmental factors change the rate of transpiration?
Light intensity
Temperature
Humidity
Wind speed
Water content in the soil
52
Why does humidity change the rate of transpiration?
The more Moisture in the air the lower the concentration gradient
53
How does wind speed change the rate of transpiration?
Water surrounding the leaves are moved away more quickly which increases the concentration gradient
54
Are arteries oxygenated or deoxygenated?
Oxygenated (except the pulmonary artery)
55
Are veins oxygenated or deoxygenated?
Deoxygenated (except from the pulmonary vein)
56
What is pressure like in the arteries and veins?
Arteries have high pressure
Veins have low pressure
57
What are the wall structures like in the arteries and veins?
Arteries : thick and muscular
Vein : thin and less muscular
58
Name the hearts 4 vessels
Aorta
Vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
59
Why does the left ventricle have a thicker, more muscular wall than the right ventricle?
The left ventricle has to pump blood at high pressure so that it can reach all body cells
The right ventricle just needs to pump blood to the lungs
60
Name the group of cells that control the resting heart rate
Pacemaker
61
How is the structure of an artery related to its function?
Thick muscle and elastic tissue to keep them strong and stretchy in high pressures
62
How is the structure of the capillaries related to its function?
Single cell thick - quick and easy exchange of substances like oxygen
Permable to exchange substances with cells
63
How is the structure of the veins related to its function?
They have valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards
64
How is oxygen in the red blood cells released into body cells?
High concentration of oxygen in the blood cells diffuse into the low concentration of oxygen in the body cells
65
How is carbon dioxide in the body cells released into the red blood cells?
High concentration of carbon dioxide in the body cells diffuse into the low concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood cells
66
What is the circulatory system made up of?
The Heart
Blood vessels
Blood
67
What are the walls of the heart made up of?
Muscle tissue
68
The blood is a tissue
True or False
True
69
What is the job of the red blood cells?
To carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in the body
70
What is the shape of a red blood cell?
A biconcave disk (a donut)
71
Why are red blood cells shaped like a biconcave disk and have no nucleus?
Gives a larger surface area for absorbing oxygen
72
What is the red pigment in red blood cells called?
Haemoglobin
73
Do White blood cells have a nucleus?
Yes
74
Why do platelets clot a wound?
To prevent microorganisms getting into your body
To prevent all your blood pouring out
75
Why are stents used?
To keep arteries open
76
What are the advantages of using stents for coronary heart disease?
Lower risk of heart attack
Effective for a long time
Quick recovery
77
What are the risks of stents for coronary heart disease?
Heart attack during operation
Infection from surgery
Patient can develop a blood clot after the surgery
78
What is thrombosis?
A developed blood clot near a stent that was used to open an artery
79
What happens when you have too much LDL (bad) cholesterol in your blood stream?
Fatty deposits form inside the arteries which can lead to corany heart disease
80
What are statins?
Drugs that reduce the level of LDL (bad) Cholesterol in your blood stream
81
What are the advantages of taking statins?
Reduces risk of strokes, heart attacks and coronary heart disease
Can increase levels of HDL (good) cholesterol
82
What are the disadvantages of using statins?
Long term drug you must take everyday
Serious potential side effects of kidney failure, liver damage and memory loss
83
Explain why a person with a leaking heart valve has difficulty breathing?
Backflow can occur if the valves are leaking
Meaning less blood leaves the heart every contraction
So less oxygen is transported
Meaning organs like the lungs cant function properly for exercise
84
What is the function of the epidermal tissue in a plant related to its function?
Covers the whole plant with a waxy cuticle which reduces water loss by evaporation
85
How is the structure of the palisade mesophyll tissue in a plant related to its function?
Have lots of chloroplasts to photosynthesise
Near the top to get the most light
86
How is the structure of the spongey mesophyll tissue in a plant related to its function?
The air spaces increase the rate of diffusion of gases
87
What is the function of the Xylem and Phloem in a plant?
To transport Water, mineral ions and food around the plant
88
What is the function of the Meristem tissues in a plant?
Allows plant to grow by differentiating into different types of plant cells
89
How is the structure of the upper epidermis related to its function?
Its transparent so light can pass through to the palisade layer
90
What is translocation?
The process of how food substances made from the leaves is transported to the rest of the plant
91
What is the transpiration stream?
The movement of water from the roots to the shoots, through the Xylem
92
What are the differences between transpiration and translocation?
Transpiration is the movement of water from the plant TO the leaves, translocation is the transportation of glucose FROM the leaves TO the plant
Transpiration occurs against gravity
Translocwtion does not always occur against gravity
93
Why do Guard cells open and close?
Prevent water loss
Controlling gas exchange
94
Explain why the iodine solution remained blue-black in the anylase and starch investigation at 80 °C.
Conditions led the enzyme to denature
Active site changed shape
so there are no longer reactions for starch to be broken down
95
Which part of the blood starts the blood clotting process?
Platelets
96
What are artificial hearts?
Man made hearts used to temporarily keep people alive while waiting for a heart transplant
97
What is an advantage of an artificial heart?
Not rejected by the body
98
What is a disadvantage of an artificial heart transplant?
It can wear out and stop working
99
What do the valves in the heart do?
Control the direction of blood flow
100
Compare the structure of xylem tissue and phloem tissue.
Xylem: have few organelles, made of dead cells, hollow, does not contain cytoplasm
Pholem: made of living cells, contains lignin, contains cytoplasm
Both: made of cells
101
Compare the function of xylem tissue and phloem tissue.
Xylem: transports water and mineral ions, involves transpiration, transports in one direction
Phloem: transports glucose, involves translocation, transports in two directions
Both: transports substances
102
Why is there less water loss at night?
The guard cells almost completely close because there is no photosynthesis taking place
103
Explain how a very low number of blood components in the body can cause tiredness
A low red blood cell count would mean less oxygen is carried and transported to cells that need it.
This means less aerobic respiration and more anaerobic respiration will take place.
Less energy is released so organs cant function properly
Lactic acid build up will tire muscles
104
105
Explain how a very low number of blood components in the body can cause frequent infections.
Lower white blood cells would mean less antibodies are produced by B-lymphocytes to bind to antigens
So fewer pathogens are killed
106
Explain how a very low number of blood components in the body can cause bleeding that will not stop after the skin is cut.
Fewer platelets would mean blood cannot clot at a cut efficiently and quickly
107
What are two factors that increase your risk of coronary heart disease
Smoking
Lack of exercise
