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GCSE Biology > B4 - Organising Animals and Plants > Flashcards

B4 - Organising Animals and Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

How many chambers does a heart have?

A

4

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2
Q

What are the top chambers of the heart called?

A

The atrias

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3
Q

What are the bottom chambers of the heart called?

A

The ventricles

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4
Q

What type of blood flows through the vena cava (right side of heart)?

A

Deoxygenated blood (from the body)

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5
Q

What type of blood flows through the pulmonary vein (the left side of the heart)?

A

Oxygenated blood (from the lungs)

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6
Q

Where does the pulmonary vein flow into?

A

The right atrium

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7
Q

What is the function of the arteries?

A

To carry blood away from the heart

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8
Q

What are the functions of veins?

A

To carry blood to the heart

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9
Q

Which organ system is responsible for the movement of blood?

A

The Circulatory System

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10
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Part of the body’s defensive system against harmful microorganisms

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11
Q

What do Platelets do?

A

Help the blood to clot at the site of wounds

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12
Q

What do blood cells do?

A

Take oxygen from the lungs and carry it to the cells that need it

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13
Q

What does Plasma do?

A

Carries Red blood cells, White blood cells, and platelets

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14
Q

What are capilliaries?

A

Huge network of tiny vessels linking arteires and veins

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15
Q

What happens when someone has coronary heart disease?

A

Arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrow or blocked

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16
Q

What is a cause of coronary heart disease?

A

Build up of fatty material on the lining of the vessels

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17
Q

What are coronary arteries?

A

Arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle

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18
Q

What is the effect of coronary heart disease?

A

Supply of oxygen to the heart is reduced
This can lead to severe pain and heart attacks

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19
Q

What is a stent?

A

A metal mesh in the artery to open up the blood vessel by inflating a tiny balloon.

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20
Q

What happens in bypass surgery?

A

Replacing the narrow or blocked coronary arteries with bits of veins from other parts of the body

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21
Q

Why do doctors prescribe statins to anyone at risk from cardiovascular disease

A

It reduces blood cholesterol levels and slows the rate of fatty materials deposited in the arteries

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22
Q

What is an artificial pace maker?

A

An elctrical device used to correct irregularities in the heart rate

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23
Q

Which process do all of our cells carry out for energy?

A

Cellular respiration

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24
Q

What is the chronoligical order air is passed? Starting from the nose

A

Nose
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

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25
Q

What happens in the Alveoli?

A

The site of gas exhange

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26
Q

What are aveolis made up of?

A

A very thin layer of cells

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27
Q

Why are aveolis layers very thin?

A

The blood capillaries they are next to create a short diffusion pathway

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28
Q

Why does each alveolus and blood capillary need a short diffusion pathway?

A

It Increases the rate of which carbon dioxide and oxygen can diffuse

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29
Q

What are all the factors that help increase diffusion between an aveolus and a blood capillary?

A

Aveoli have large surface areas
Short diffusion pathway
Alveoli walls are moist - gases are easily dissolved

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30
Q

What does bpm mean?

A

Breaths per minute

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31
Q

What are the solutions to a damaged heart valve?

A

Mechanical heart valves
Biological heart valves

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32
Q

What is a bypass surgery?

A

Replacing the narrow or blocked coronary arteries with bits of veins from other parts of the body

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33
Q

What goes in and out of the alveoli by diffusion?

A

Oxygen in
Carbon dioxide out

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34
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

Pigments called Chlorphyll in Chloroplasts

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35
Q

What is the photosynthesis equation?

A

. Light
Carbon dioxide + Water ———–> Glucose + Oxygen

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36
Q

What affects the rate of photosynthesis

A

Light intensity
Temperature
Concentration of carbon dioxide in air
Amount of chlorophyll present

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37
Q

Where is stomata found in a plant?

A

The lower epidemis

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38
Q

Where does carbon dioxide diffuse into?

A

The stomata holes

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39
Q

Where are all the chloroplasts found in a leaf?

A

The palisade mesophyll

40
Q

Why does the spongy mesophyll in a leaf structure have so much air gaps?

A

So the carbon dioxide gas can easily diffuse through to the next layer

41
Q

What is the journey of carbon dioxide through a leaf structure?

A

Lower epidmermis
Spongy mesophyll
Palisade msophyll

42
Q

Why is the lower epidmermis, spongy mesophyll and palisade mesophyll so close together?

A

For a short diffusion path

43
Q

What do xylem vessels do?

A

Transport water and dissolved minerals towards the leaf

They also support and strengthen the leaf structure

44
Q

What is water loss called?

A

Transpiration

45
Q

How is water absorbed into the roots?

A

Osmosis

46
Q

What do Phloem vessels do?

A

Transport glucose and other products made by photosynthesis, around the plant

47
Q

What do the guard cells do?

A

They control the rate of gas exchange in the leaf

48
Q

How do plants absorb water?

A

Osmosis

49
Q

Which body part are xylem cells constrasted to?

A

Veins

50
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The loss of water by evaporation and diffusion from the leaves of a plant

51
Q

What environmental factors change the rate of transpiration?

A

Light intensity
Temperature
Humidity
Wind speed
Water content in the soil

52
Q

Why does humidity change the rate of transpiration?

A

The more Moisture in the air the lower the concentration gradient

53
Q

How does wind speed change the rate of transpiration?

A

Water surrounding the leaves are moved away more quickly which increases the concentration gradient

54
Q

Are arteries oxygenated or deoxygenated?

A

Oxygenated (except the pulmonary artery)

55
Q

Are veins oxygenated or deoxygenated?

A

Deoxygenated (except from the pulmonary vein)

56
Q

What is pressure like in the arteries and veins?

A

Arteries have high pressure
Veins have low pressure

57
Q

What are the wall structures like in the arteries and veins?

A

Arteries : thick and muscular
Vein : thin and less muscular

58
Q

Name the hearts 4 vessels

A

Aorta
Vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein

59
Q

Why does the left ventricle have a thicker, more muscular wall than the right ventricle?

A

The left ventricle has to pump blood at high pressure so that it can reach all body cells

The right ventricle just needs to pump blood to the lungs

60
Q

Name the group of cells that control the resting heart rate

A

Pacemaker

61
Q

How is the structure of an artery related to its function?

A

Thick muscle and elastic tissue to keep them strong and stretchy in high pressures

62
Q

How is the structure of the capillaries related to its function?

A

Single cell thick
Permable to exchange substances with cells

63
Q

How is the structure of the veins related to its function?

A

They have valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards

64
Q

How is oxygen in the red blood cells released into body cells?

A

High concentration of oxygen in the blood cells diffuse into the low concentration of oxygen in the body cells

65
Q

How is carbon dioxide in the body cells released into the red blood cells?

A

High concentration of carbon dioxide in the body cells diffuse into the low concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood cells

66
Q

What is the circulatory system made up of?

A

The Heart
Blood vessels
Blood

67
Q

What are the walls of the heart made up of?

A

Muscle tissue

68
Q

The blood is a tissue
True or False

A

True

69
Q

What is the job of the red blood cells?

A

To carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in the body

70
Q

What is the shape of a red blood cell?

A

A biconcave disk (a donut)

71
Q

Why are red blood cells shaped like a biconcave disk and have no nucleus?

A

Gives a larger surface area for absorbing oxygen

72
Q

What is the red pigment in red blood cells called?

A

Haemoglobin

73
Q

Do White blood cells have a nucleus?

A

Yes

74
Q

Why do platelets clot a wound?

A

To prevent microorganisms getting into your body
To prevent all your blood pouring out

75
Q

Why are stents used?

A

To keep arteries open

76
Q

What are the advantages of using stents for coronary heart disease?

A

Lower risk of heart attack
Effective for a long time
Quick recovery

77
Q

What are the risks of stents for coronary heart disease?

A

Heart attack during operation
Infection from surgery
Patient can develop a blood clot after the surgery

78
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

A developed blood clot near a stent that was used to open an artery

79
Q

What happens when you have too much LDL (bad) cholesterol in your blood stream?

A

Fatty deposits form inside the arteries which can lead to corany heart disease

80
Q

What are statins?

A

Drugs that reduce the level of LDL (bad) Cholesterol in your blood stream

81
Q

What are the advantages of taking statins?

A

Reduces risk of strokes, heart attacks and coronary heart disease
Can increase levels of HDL (good) cholesterol

82
Q

What are the disadvantages of using statins?

A

Long term drug you must take everyday
Serious potential side effects of kidney failure, liver damage and memory loss

83
Q

Explain why a person with a leaking heart valve has difficulty breathing?

A

Backflow can occur if the valves are leaking
Meaning less blood leaves the heart every contraction
So less oxygen is transported
Meaning organs like the lungs cant function properly for exercise

84
Q

What is the function of the epidermal tissue in a plant related to its function?

A

Covers the whole plant with a waxy cuticle which reduces water loss by evaporation

85
Q

How is the structure of the palisade mesophyll tissue in a plant related to its function?

A

Have lots of chloroplasts to photosynthesise
Near the top to get the most light

86
Q

How is the structure of the spongey mesophyll tissue in a plant related to its function?

A

The air spaces increase the rate of diffusion of gases

87
Q

What is the function of the Xylem and Phloem in a plant?

A

To transport Water, mineral ions and food around the plant

88
Q

What is the function of the Meristem tissues in a plant?

A

Allows plant to grow by differentiating into different types of plant cells

89
Q

How is the structure of the upper epidermis related to its function?

A

Its transparent so light can pass through to the palisade layer

90
Q

What is translocation?

A

The process of how food substances made from the leaves is transported to the rest of the plant

91
Q

What is the transpiration stream?

A

The movement of water from the roots to the shoots, through the Xylem

92
Q

What are the differences between transpiration and translocation?

A

Transpiration is the movement of water from the plant TO the leaves, translocation is the transportation of glucose FROM the leaves TO the plant

Transpiration occurs against gravity
Translocwtion does not always occur against gravity

93
Q

Why do Guard cells open and close?

A

Prevent water loss
Controlling gas exchange

94
Q

Explain why the iodine solution remained blue-black in the anylase and starch investigation at 80 °C.

A

Conditions led the enzyme to denature
Active site changed shape
so there are no longer reactions for starch to be broken down

95
Q

Which part of the blood starts the blood clotting process?

A

Platelets

GCSE Biology (11 decks)

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