B2-Cell division

Question 1

What is a gene?

Answer 1

A short section of DNA that codes for a protein/controls a characteristic

Question 2

What are chromosomes?

Answer 2

Structures in the nucleus that carry genes

Question 3

Briefly describe the cell cycle

Answer 3

Cell content(including DNA) is replicated, mitosis occurs to make 2 genetically identical cells

Question 4

Define mitosis

Answer 4

Cell division that produces 2 genetically identical daughter cells

Question 5

What type of reproduction is based only on mitosis?

Answer 5

Asexual

Question 6

State 3 key importances of mitosis

Answer 6

Growth, repair, asexual reproduction

Question 7

Briefly describe the 1st stage in the cell cycle

Answer 7

Cell size increase, DNA and organelle replication

Question 8

Briefly describe the 2nd stage(mitosis) in the cell cycle

Answer 8

Cytoplasm and cell membrane divides into 2 daughter cells

Question 9

What has to happen to the cell before mitosis to ensure that we can have 2 genetically identical daughter cells?

Answer 9

DNA and organelles must replicate before division

Question 10

Define differentiation

Answer 10

The process where a cell becomes specialised/adapted to perform specific functions

Question 11

Define stem cell

Answer 11

Undifferentiated cell with the potential to become specialised

Question 12

Define adult stem cells

Answer 12

Stem cells that can only differentiate into a specific type of cell

Question 13

Where does differentiation of stem cells occur in humans?

Answer 13

Bone marrow

Question 14

Where does differentiation occur in plants?

Answer 14

Meristem/root tip/shoot tip

Question 15

Define cloning

Answer 15

Production of identical offspring by asexual reproduction

Question 16

By which cell division type does cloning occur?

Answer 16

Mitosis

Question 17

Define zygote

Answer 17

The single new cell formed right after fusion of gametes

Question 18

Define embryo

Answer 18

A ball of cells made from mitosis of zygote

Question 19

Define embryonic stem cells

Answer 19

Stem cells from an early embryo that can differentiate into all cell types

Question 20

Suggest 2 diseases that can be treated with stem cell treatment

Answer 20

Paralysis, diabetes, blindness

Question 21

Briefly describe how we can use stem cells to treat someone with type 1 diabetes

Answer 21

Induce embryonic stem cells to produce healthy pancreas cells to make enough insulin

Question 22

Where do you get stem cells in plants?

Answer 22

Meristem/Root tip/Shoot tip

Question 23

Why is the ability to clone plants quickly a benefit?​

Answer 23

Produce large numbers of rare plants reliably and safely to stop their extinction and for research, agriculture advances

Question 24

State one medical/scientific benefit of therapeutic cloning.

Answer 24

No rejection problems

Question 25

State one risk or concern people may have about using stem cells.

Answer 25

Unethical to use aborted embryos; difficult and expensive project; cancer concern; viral infection/transmission