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Biology GCSE > B13-Reproduction > Flashcards

B13-Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

By which cell division type does asexual reporduction rely on?

A

Mitosis

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2
Q

How are gametes formed

A

Meiosis

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3
Q

Name the structyre formed by fertilisation

A

Zygote

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4
Q

State 1 difference between asexual and sexual reproduction

A

A-no fertilisation/genetically identical offspring
S-fertilisation/genetic variation

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5
Q

Name the gametes in plants

A

Egg and pollen

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6
Q

How many division do a cell undergo in meiosis?

A

Twice

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7
Q

How many chromosomes are there in a human gamete?

A

23

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8
Q

Define gametes

A

Sex cells

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9
Q

State the 3 key stages in meiosis

A

1-copies of the DNA are made
2-the cell divides twice to form 4 gametes each with a single set of chromosomes
3-all 4 cells are genetically different from each other

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10
Q

When a new cell is formed through fertilisation how does it divide?

A

Mitosis

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11
Q

Describe how malarial parasites use both forms of reproduction

A

Reproduce asexually in the human host but sexually in the mosquito

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12
Q

Describe how fungi use both forms of reproduction

A

Reproduce asexually by spores but also reproduce sexually to give variation

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13
Q

Describe how plants use both forms of reproduction

A

Runners such as strawberry plants or bulb division such as daffodils

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14
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A

A polymer made up of 2 strands forming a double helix

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15
Q

Name the structure within which DNA is contained

A

Chromosomes

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16
Q

What is a gene

A

A small section of DNA on a chromosome

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17
Q

What is the function of a gene?

A

To code for a particular sequence of amino acids in order to make a specific protein

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18
Q

What is a genome?

A

The enitre genetic material of an organism

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19
Q

State 3 ways in which understanding of the human genome will be important

A

1-to search for genes linked to different types of disease
2-to understand and treat inherited disorders
3-to trace early human migration patterns

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20
Q

Name the 3 parts of a DNA molecule

A

A phosphate group, a sugar molecule and a nucleotide base

21
Q

Name the 4 nucleotides found in DNA

A

Adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine

22
Q

How many bases code for a particular amino acid?

A

3

23
Q

What is a set of 3 nucleotide bases called?

A

A codon

24
Q

Which cell organelle synthesises proteins?

A

RIbosomes

25
Q

How is the protein sequence correctly assembled?

A

Using a template molecule from the DNA

26
Q

What brings specific amino acids to the ribosomes?

A

Carrier molecules

27
Q

When the protein chain is complete what process aids it to form its unique shape?

A

Folding

28
Q

Name 3 uses of proteins in the body

A

Enzymes, hormones, structural proteins eg collagen

29
Q

What is a change in the DNA sequence called?

A

A mutation

30
Q

Name 3 potential consequences for a protein of a mutation

A

1-no change or slight change so no effect on the protein
2-altered protein, so an enzyme may stop working
3-mutation within a non-coding region nearby to a gene may affect the expression(production) of a protein

31
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A thread-like structure which contains coiled up DNA and proteins

32
Q

What is an allele?

A

A different version of a gene

33
Q

What does dominant mean?

A

The individual only needs one copy of this allele for its phenotype to be seen

34
Q

What does recessive mean?

A

The individual needs 2 copies of this allele for its phenotype to be seen

35
Q

What does homzygous mean?

A

The individual has 2 identical alleles for this gene

36
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

The individual has 2 different alleles for this gene

37
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The genetic makeup of an organism for a particular gene(eg RR)

38
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The displayed characteristic due to the interactions between alleles(eg red flowers)

39
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes does a human body cell have?

A

23

40
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes determine the sex of the individual?

A

1

41
Q

What is the genotype of a female?

A

XX

42
Q

What is the genotype of a male?

A

XY

43
Q

What is polydactyly?

A

A condition which causes sticky mucus to build up in the lungs

44
Q

Is cystic fibrosis a dominant or recessive condition?

A

Recessive

45
Q

State the genotype that would result in cystic fibrosis

A

cc(homozygous recessive)

46
Q

State 1 method of screening embryos

A

Amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, IVF

47
Q

State 1 concern of screening embryos

A

Causing miscarriage, ethical concerns, inaccurate results, expensive

48
Q

State 1 benefit of embryo screening

A

Know if child will have disorder, able to decide if proceed with pregnancy or abortion

Biology GCSE (21 decks)

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