B14-Variation

Question 1

Genes determine the phenotype of an organism-true or false

Answer 1

False-the environment also plays a role

Question 2

What is variation within a population?

Answer 2

Differences in the characteristics of individuals in a population

Question 3

State 3 causes of variation in a population

Answer 3

Genes, environment, a combination of both

Question 4

What causes variation within a population?

Answer 4

Mutations

Question 5

What is evolution?

Answer 5

A change in the inherited characteristics of a population over time through a process of natural selection which may result in the formation of a new species

Question 6

What does the theory of evolution by natural selection state?

Answer 6

That all living things evolved from simple life forms more than 3 billion years ago

Question 7

What would the best organism within a species to survive and reproduce be?

Answer 7

The one best adapted to the environment

Question 8

Define species

Answer 8

Organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

Question 9

Define natural selection

Answer 9

The process by which evolution takes place-nature chooses those with favourable characteristics(best suited to environment) to survive and reproduce passing on their genes

Question 10

What is selective breeding?

Answer 10

The process by which humans breed plants and animals for particular genetic characteristics

Question 11

Name 2 historic examples of selective breeding

Answer 11

1-breeding food crops from wild plants
2-domesticating animals

Question 12

State 4 modern examples of selective breeding

Answer 12

1-disease resistance in food crops
2-animsl which produce more meat or milk
3-domestic dogs with a gentle nature
4-large or unusual flowers

Question 13

State a drawback to selective breeding

Answer 13

Inbreeding-some breeds are prone to disease or inherited defects

Question 14

What is genetic engineering?

Answer 14

The process which involves modifying the genome of an organism by introducing a gene from another organism to give a desired characteristic

Question 15

State 3 traits plant might be genetically engineered to have

Answer 15

Resistant to insect attack, resistant to herbicides, increased yields

Question 16

Give one example of the use of genetically engineered bacterial cells

Answer 16

To produce useful substances such as human insulin to treat diabetes

Question 17

How is a gene ‘cut out’ from the genome of one species and inserted into the genome of another?

Answer 17

Using enzymes

Question 18

Into what is the gene inserted?

Answer 18

A vector

Question 19

Give 2 examples of vectors used in genetic engineering

Answer 19

A bacterial plasmid, a virus

Question 20

What is plant tissue culture?

Answer 20

Using small groups of cells from part of a plant to grow identical new plants

Question 21

What are plant cuttings?

Answer 21

An older, but simple, method used by gardeners to produce many identical new plants from a parents plant

Question 22

Where might plant cloning be useful?

Answer 22

Horticulture and agriculture

Question 23

Describe the 2 steps involved in embryo transplanting

Answer 23

Splitting apart cells from a developing animal embryo before they become specialised transplanting the identical embryos into host mothers

Question 24

Compare the offspring from embryo transplants with each other and with the parents

Answer 24

Genetically identical to each other; different from parents

Question 25

State a disadvantage to cloning plants and animals

Answer 25

Reduces genetic variation, so makes populations more susceptible to disease

Question 26

In adult cell cloning, what is removed from the cloning target’s cell in order to create its clone?

Answer 26

Nucleus

Question 27

What type of cell is taken from the target clone in adult cell cloning?

Answer 27

Any body cell(except gametes)

Question 28

What has to be done to the egg cell in adult cell cloning?

Answer 28

Remove its nucleus

Question 29

What is needed to stimulate the new egg cell to divide in adult cell cloning?

Answer 29

Electric shock

Question 30

Compare the offspring in adult cell cloning to both its parents

Answer 30

Genetically identical to nucleus donor; different from the egg cell donor

Question 31

State 2 benefits of genetic engineering

Answer 31

Improved growth rates, increased yield, increased food quality, produce human proteins, enzymes as medicine

Question 32

State 3 concerns around genetically engineering plants

Answer 32

1-unknown effects on populations of wild flowers
2-unknown effects on populations of insects
3-some people feel the effects of eating GM crops on human health have not been fully explored