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Neuromuscular/Anatomy > autonomic nervous system physiology 2 > Flashcards

autonomic nervous system physiology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what system conveys all outputs from central nervous system to rest of body? (except motor innervation of skeletal muscle)

A

The Autonomic nervous system

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2
Q

is the autonomic nervous system voluntary or involuntary?

A

IT is involuntary

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3
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system regulate?

A

regulates

all vascular and visceral smooth muscle

all exocrine and certain endocrine secretions

heartbeat

energy metabolism

blood vessels, heart, lungs, liver, bladder/genitalia etc/

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4
Q

the autonomic nervous system is part of what branch of the peripheral nervous system?

A

it is the involuntary branch of the efferent division of the peripheral nervous system

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5
Q

what are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

parasympathetic and

sympathetic

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6
Q

most visceral organs are innvervated by what division of the ANS?

A

most visceral organs innervated by both divisions

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7
Q

what is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A
  • restorative/maintenance (housekeeping)
  • rest and digest (parasympathetic dominant)
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8
Q

what is the role of the sympathetic nervous system?

A
  • most activated in emergency, strenuous, or stressful sitation
  • fight or flight
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9
Q

describe the nerve pathway organization of the ANS

A

parasympathetic - long preganglionic fiber - acts on a shorter fiber then closer to the target tissue - cell body is within the central nervous system

sympathetic - short pre-ganglionic fiber - long post ganglionic fiber

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10
Q

what two neurotransmitters are principally used by the ANS?

A

acetylcholine and noradrenaline

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11
Q

all preganglionic ANS nerves release what neurotransmitter?

A

acetylcholine

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12
Q

postganglionic parasympathetic nerves release what nuerotransmitter?

postganglionic sympathetic nerves release what nuerotransmitter?

A

parasympathetic = acetylcholine

sympathetic = noradrenaline

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13
Q

how does the brain influence the ANS?

A

“higher” centers in the brain can influence ANS - brain corticol pathways can modify autonomic function and vice versa

ex) panic attacks induce sympathetic activation and vagal stimulation suppresses cortical seizures

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14
Q

what other neurotransmitters are used within the enteric division of the ANS?

A

nitric oxide (vasodilator), ATP, Vasoactive intestinal peptide

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15
Q

arterioles and veins are innervated by what branch of the nervous system?

A

sympathetic branch

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16
Q

sweat glands are innervated by what branch of the nervous system?

A

mainly sympathetic innervation and post-ganglionic fiber release of acetylcholine, not noradrenaline

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17
Q

what branch of nervous system innervates the ciliary muscle of the eye (responsible for holding the lens of the eye) ?

A

innervated by parasypathetic nervous system only

  • responsible contraction, near vision accomodation
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18
Q

what branch of nervous system innervates the bronchial smooth muscle?

A

innervated only by the parasympathetic nervous system (contraction)

with

indirect sympathetic influence - muscle tone highly sensitive to circulating adrenaline which produces relaxation

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19
Q

can both primary neurotransmitters cause relaxion/contraction? Or does one contract and the other relax?

A

both systems can cause relaxation or contraction of muscle - it’s all dependent on the tissue activated

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20
Q

describe the two types of neurotransmitter receptors?

A

1) ionotropic receptor - found on cell body within the ganglia N2 type
2) metabotropic receptor - G-protein coupled- targets the autonomic nervous system - respond to acetyl choline and noradrenaline - don’t contain the ion channel, they have a G protein receptor which mediates the effect

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21
Q

what receptor is present on all the postganglionic fibers and ANS cell bodies?

A

N2/ nicotinic receptor

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22
Q

what activates the nicotinic receptors?

A

the acetylcholine release from pre-ganglionic parasympathetic or sympathetic nerves

23
Q

the tabacco derivative nicotine activates what receptors?

A

the nicotinic receptors

24
Q

where are the N1 type receptors found?

A

at the skeletal neuromuscular junction

25
Q

acetylcholine binding to ionotropic receptors prompts what response?

A

it binds and opens the Na+/K+ channel -

the N2 Ach receptor is ionotropic , so the response if depolarization of the post-synaptic cell

  • rapid/fast response
26
Q

The binding of acetylcholine to the muscarinic receptor prompts what response?

A

binding to muscarinic recpetor causes a G protein response - a vareity of pathways can be activated this way and produce either contraction or relaxation of muscle

27
Q

where are muscarinic receptors found?

A

on smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle

28
Q

what are the 5 types of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors?

A

they are all G-protein-coupled metabotropic receptors (slower acting- b/c don’t involve ion channel)

  • odd numbered receptors (M1,3,5) coupled to Gq and stimulate inosital phosphate (release Ca2+ into cells)
  • even numbered receptors (M2,4) couple to inhibit adenylyl cyclase (i.e. reduce cAMP)
29
Q

where are M4, and M5 receptors found?

A

found in CNS - role is poorly understood

30
Q

what is the response of the M1 muscarinic receptors?

A

excitatory

-stimulates gastric acid secretion

31
Q

what is the response of the M3 muscarinic receptors?

A

M3= excitatory response (glandular/smooth muscle)

  • located in exocrine glands, GIT and airways
  • G protein couples to Ca2+ second-messenger system (IP3)
    ex) increase glandular secretions, increase GIT motility
32
Q

what is the response of the M2 - muscarinic receptors?

A

M2= inhibitory response - found on the atria of the heart-

  • receptor couples to increase K+ conductance
  • receptor couples to increase K+ conductance and inhibit calcium channels (decrease heart contraction)
33
Q

what is the response of increased K+ on heart muscle?

A

increase of K+ hyperpolarizes membranes and makes it less likely to hit the threshold potential

34
Q

the sympathetic nervous system has what effect on the heart?

A

it speeds it up

35
Q

what are the two types of neurotransmitter receptors of the parasympathetic division?

A

nicotinic receptor and muscarinic recpetor

36
Q

what are the two main classes of adrenergic receptors?

A
  • alpha 1,2, and beta 1,2
37
Q

where are the adrenergic receptors found?

A

on effector organ synapses - post synaptically, after postganglionic sypathetic nerves

38
Q

how do the alpha and beta adrenergic receptors differ?

A

they are all G protein coupled, but intracellular coupling differs!

different classes of adrenergic receptor have different sensitivity for NA vs. AD

noradrenaline is much more potent on alpha receptors

on beta 2 receptors adrenaline is more potent than noradrenaline

39
Q

what is the response of alpha 1 adrenergic receptors

A

excitatory repsone

  • located on most sympathetic target cells
  • G protein couples to Ca2+ second messenger system
    ex) increase contraction of arterioles - raised blood pressure
40
Q

what is the response of alpha 2 receptors?

A

inhibitory resonse

  • located in digestive system - reduce the motality of the GI tract
  • G protein couples to inhibit cyclic AMP system

ex ) decreased smooth muscle contraction - reduced GIT motility

also found pre-synaptically on cholinergic terminals where they can inhibit Acetylcholine release - can block the firing of the parasympathetic firing

41
Q

what is the response of beta1 andrenergic receptors?

A

excitatory response

  • located in heart - increase rate and force of heart contraction - couples via G protein to cyclic AMP/PKA
42
Q

what is the response of the beta 2 andrenergic receptor ?

A

inhibitory

  • smooth muscle of some vessels and organs
  • found in the lungs and respond most to circulating adrenaline
  • produces relaxation of smooth muscle
  • vasodilation in skeletal muscle beds ( increase blood flow)
  • R couples to cyclic AMP/PKA, nitric oxide release, reduces intracellular calcium
43
Q

how are nuerotransmitters degraded post synapse?

A

noradrenaline is mainly taken up by the cells then metabolised/recycled

acetylcholine is broken down by the acetylcholinesterase at the synapse

44
Q

drugs that act on the nerve terminal prevent what?

A

they effect neurotransmitter release

45
Q

drugs that act on the post-synaptic membrane effect what?

A

the neurotransmitter-receptor interaction

46
Q

describe the use of pilocarpine?

A

pilocarpine = muscarinic agonist

used as treatment of glaucoma - two effects

1) ciliary muscle contracts reducing tension on suspensory ligaments- lens can bulge out lowering intraocular pressur e
2) constriction of pupil may also reduce acqueous humour drainage blocked by iris

47
Q

describe the use of atropine

A

it is a muscarinic antagonist (all muscarinic acetylcholine recpetors)- blocks the parasympathetic action

  • inhibits secretions (salivary, bronchial, and sweat)
  • bronchial muscle relaxation
  • tachycardia (increase to 80/90 beats/min)

*used to reduce salivary and bronchial secretion during surgery - bradycardia, GIT hypermotility - use it for slow heart rate and over activiyt of the gut*

48
Q

describe the use of salbutamol

A

adrenergic agonist -

activates beta 2 adrenergic receptors

  • dilates bronchioles, treatment of asthma
  • lack of effect at beta 1 means no side effects on the herat
49
Q

describe the use of phenylephrine

A

it is an alpha1 agonist used as a nasal decongestion

50
Q

describe the use of atenolol

A

adrenergic antagonist

blocks beta 1 andrenergic receptors - and lowers blood pressure - treatment of hypertension

51
Q

describe the use of prazosin

A

adrenergic antagonist - blocks alpha 1, used for hypertension

52
Q

what is diabetic autonomic neuropathy?

A

quite common disorder

  • primary disorder of ANS
  • neuropathy leads to dysfunction of cardiovascular, GI, urinary and reproductive systems
53
Q

compare and contrast the nicotinic and muscarinic symptoms (site of receptor and respond to ACh from….)

A

nicotinic = site of receptor = all autonomic ganglia , motor end plates of skeletal muscle fibers, some CNS cell bodies and dendrites, respond to ACh fro parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve fibers, motor neurons, some CNS presynaptic terminals

muscarinic = site of receptor = effector cells (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle/glands), some CNS cell bodies and dendrites. respond to ACh from parasypathetic postganglionic fibers, some CNS presynaptic terminals

Neuromuscular/Anatomy (37 decks)

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