Atomic structure and isotopes 2.1.1 Flashcards
2.1.1a, 2.1.1b, 2.1.1c
What is an isotope?
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons and different masses
What does the nucleus contain?
2 different kinds of sub-atomic particles- protons and neutrons
What is a nuclide?
Any atom of which the atomic number and the mass number are specified
How are nuclides written as?
Mass number
Atomic number X
What is the mass number?
The number of protons and neutrons
What is the atomic number?
The number of protons
What is a negative ion called?
Anion
What is a positive ion called?
Cation
How to find the number of electrons in an anion?
Add the charge to the atomic number
How to find the number of electron in a cation?
Subtract the charge from the atomic number
What are atoms and ions that have the same number of electrons called?
Isoelectronic
Isotopes have the same ….. number but a different ….. number
Same atomic number- different mass number
What are 3 isotopes of hydrogen?
Protium, deuterium, tritium
Why might isotopes have slightly varying physical properties?
They have different masses
What do electron shells have?
Sub- shells (sub-levels)
What are the sub shells called?
S.p.d and f orbits;s
What is the aufbau principle?
Electrons are placed into shells, starting with the lowest energy level first. Each shell must be full before the next shell starts to fill
What is an orbital?
A region of space where the electron is most likely to be
How many orbitals does an s-subshell contain?
One
how many orbitals does a p sub shell contain?
Three
How many orbitals does a d sub shell contain?
5 orbitals
How many electrons can each orbital hold?
2 electrons with opposite spins
what does the spins mean?
One electron spins clockwise and another spins anticlockwise
What is hund’s rule?
Electrons prefer to occupy orbitals on their own and only pair up when there is no empty orbitals or the same energy is available
What shape is an s orbital?
Circular shape
What shape is a p orbital?
Dumbbell shape
Maximum number of electrons s orbitals can hold?
2
Maximum number of electrons p orbitals can hold?
6 electrons
Maximum number of electrons d orbitals can hold?
10 electrons
What are the basic processes of mass spectrometry?
The sample is vapourrised
The sample is ionised to form positive ions
The ions are accelerated
Heavy ions move slower
The ions are detected as a mass to charge ratio.
Each ion produces a signal- the larger the signal the greater the abundance
What are the basic processes of mass spectrometry?
The sample is vapourrised
The sample is ionised to form positive ions
The ions are accelerated
Heavy ions move slower
The ions are detected as a mass to charge ratio.
Each ion produces a signal- the larger the signal the greater the abundance
