Atherosclerosis, HDL and LDL

Question 1

How does the LDL get modified?

Answer 1

1. oxidation

2. glycosylation

Question 2

Name 4 pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Answer 2

1. TNF-alpha
2. IL-1
3. IL-6
4. IFN

Question 3

Foam cells and T-lymphocytes within the plaque cause

______ secretion and activation of tissue factors.

Answer 3

matric metalloproteinase (MMP)

Question 4

What is cholesterol for?

Answer 4

– used for synthesis and repair of cell membranes and organelles

– precursor of steroid hormones

Question 5

What are triglycerides for?

Answer 5

a fuel source for muscle use and adipose tissue storage

Question 6

What is LDL mostly comprised of?

Answer 6

cholesterol

Question 7

What is HDL mostly comprised of?

Answer 7

protein

Question 8

What regulates LDL steady-state?

Answer 8

the liver

Question 9

How do statins stabilize plaques?

Answer 9

• Reduction in lipid content of atheromatous plaque core
• Decrease in inflammatory cells (macrophages and T-lymphocytes)
• Decreased MMP and tissue factor activation
• Decreased propensity for plaque rupture
• Decrease in thrombogenesis
• Regression of atherosclerosis

Question 10

What is the average LDL-C in the US?

Answer 10

130 mg/dl

Question 11

What are the 4 major statin benefit groups?

Answer 11

1. Individuals with known clinical ASCVD
2. Individuals with LDL ≥ 190 mg/dl
3. Individuals with diabetes (>40 yo and LDL>70)
4. Individuals (>40 yo, LDL>70) without ASCVD or diabetes who have an estimated 10-year ASCVD risk ≥ 7.5%

Question 12

What are the 2 high intensity statins?

Answer 12

1. atorvastatin

2. rosuvastatin

Question 13

What are the 5 low-intensity statins?

Answer 13

1. simvastatin
2. pravastatin
3. lovastatin
4. fluvastatin
5. pitavastatin

Question 14

What is severe hypertriglyceridemia associated with?

Answer 14

acute pancreatitis

Question 15

What does HDL do?

Answer 15

removes” cholesterol from periphery; antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects