atherosclerosis

Question 1

what is arteriosclerosis?
what are the 2 types?

Answer 1

hardening of arteries
hyaline + hyperplastic

Question 2

what is atherosclerosis?

Answer 2

form of arteriosclerosis
most common

Question 3

describe pathology of atherosclerosis

Answer 3

Question 4

describe the arterial structure
3 layers, components

Answer 4

Question 5

what are elastic arteries?
where are they found?

Answer 5

Question 6

what are muscular arteries? where are they found?

Answer 6

Question 7

which arteries develop atherosclerosis?

Answer 7

Question 8

what are the pathogenesis mechanisms of atherosclerosis

Answer 8

endothelial injury or dysfunction
lipids
chronic inflammation
smooth muscle proliferation

Question 9

describe pathogenesis of endothelial injury or dysfunction

Answer 9

common sites of plaque formation at branch points + vessel origins, leading to turbulent flow + endothelial stress

Question 10

describe pathogenesis of lipids in atherosclerosis

Answer 10

Question 11

describe pathogenesis of chronic inflammation in atherosclerosis

Answer 11

Question 12

describe pathogenesis of smooth muscle proliferationin atherosclerosis

Answer 12

Question 13

what are the gradual changes seen in atherosclerosis - step by step?

Answer 13

• initial endothelial dysfunction is triggered by a number of factors such as smoking, hypertension and hyperglycaemia
• this results in a number of changes to the endothelium including pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidant, proliferative and reduced nitric oxide bioavailability
• fatty infiltration of the subendothelial space by low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles
• monocytes migrate from the blood and differentiate into macrophages. These macrophages then phagocytose oxidized LDL, slowly turning into large ‘foam cells’. As these macrophages die the result can further propagate the inflammatory process.
• smooth muscle proliferation and migration from the tunica media into the intima results in formation of a fibrous capsule covering the fatty plaque

Question 14

1st phase In development of atheroma?

Answer 14

Question 15

2nd phase In development of atheroma?

Answer 15

Question 16

3rd phase In development of atheroma?

Question 17

top locations for atheroma formation?

Answer 17

Question 18

ischaemia as a complication of atherosclerosis
- how does it occur?
- what does it lead to?

Answer 18

Question 19

haemorrhage as a complication of atherosclerosis
- how does it occur?
- what does it lead to?

Answer 19

Question 20

aneurysm as a complication of atherosclerosis

• how does it occur?
• what does it lead to?

Answer 20

Question 21

what is infarction?

Answer 21

areas of ischaemic necrosis
white and red types

Question 22

what is white infarct?

Answer 22

Question 23

what is red infarct?
how does it occur?

Answer 23