Associative learning Flashcards
Give 3 example of classical conditioning
> Pavlov’s prototype
Contiguity & contingency
Previous learnt experience
What are the 2 types of conditioning?
> Classical
>Operant
Describe classical conditioning
Event 1 >Stimulus
Event 2 > Reward properties
Reinforced> association learnt> response stronger & faster
More sensitive to environment
Describe operant conditioning
Event 1> Action
Event 2> Stimulus
How to operate environment
Describe pavlovs dogs
(CS: Conditioned stimulus)
(UCS: Unconditioned stimulus)
(UCR: Unconditioned response)
1
UCS----> UCR
(Food) (Saliva)
CS
(Bell)----> Nothing
2
CS——->UCS—–>UCR
3
CS———————>CR
Acquisition> repsonse learnt for stimuli
Issues with Pavlovs dogs
> Temporary contiguity
>Contingency
What is temporary contiguity
> CS & UCS must be close
What is contingency
> Cognitive view to link relationship between to stimuli
What is spontaneous recovery?
> Extinction not unlearning
Learning new association
Stimuli returned> acquisition rate acquired faster
What is Latent inhibition
> past learning experience changes> acquisition of new associations
Learn something slower/ faster
Recover faster
Give example of 2 concepts of biological preparedness
> Phobias
>Taste aversion
How does taste aversion biologically prepare us?
> Bad experience
Unconsciously nausea’s
Don’t touch food again
Selective conditioning
What concept has taste aversion overcome?
> Temporary contiguity
Describe the Garcia & Koelling experiment 1966
Water >Flavoured, light, clicking Conditioning >X-rays, lithium, shock Outcome >Sickness, avoid flavoured H2O pain >Pain avoid bright noisy H2O
Effetcs of chemotherapy with learnt responses
> 20%-40% Anticipatory nausea/ vomiting
>Hospital/ dentist visits
Issues with biological constraints
> Second order conditioning
Generalisation
Discrimination
What is second order conditioning
> New CS successively paired with old CS
>New CS able to elicit CR
What is generalisation?
> Greater similarity of new CS
>More likely to elicit CR
What is discrimination
> Responding to differences via reinforcement
What is association?
> Things that occur together become associated
What is law of effect?
> Behaviours followed by good thing occur more frequently
Types of reinforcement
> Primary
Secondary
Social
Describe primary reinforcement
> Inherently reinforcing (food)
Describe secondary reinforcing
> Become reinforcing (money)
Describe social reinforcement
> Consequences of behaviour (Smiling, nodding)
What increases responding?
> Positive reinforcement
>Negative reinforcement
What decreases responding?
> Extinction
>Punishment
What is positive reinforcement?
> Rewards desired behaviour
Ignore undesired behaviour
Interventions
Who discovered taste aversion and how?
> Seligman
>Sauce bearnaise
What is shaping?
> Reinforcement of successive approximations of desired behaviour
Until desired behaviour is reached
What is chaining
> Complex behaviours broken down into parts
Each stage in sequence positive reinforced
Next stage in sequences cued
Describe negative reinforcement
> Escape/ avoidance of averse event
Baby crying
Adult -ve> Pick u baby
Baby +ve> rewarded for crying
What are token economics?
> Address behaviours of groups of people
Target behaviours & rewards
Early programme daily spending vs later accumulation
What is token economics used in
Adult psychiatry 1960/70s
>Coercive & degrading
Schools
Learning disabilities
What is an extinction burst?
What is an example of this?
> Positive reinforcements to stimuli removed
Behaviour to bring back increases
Spontaneous recovery is an example (bed time crying)
What is partial reinforcement?
> Only reinforced at certain intervals/ ratios of time
What is continuous reinforcement?
> Consistent reinforcement
What does partial reinforcement lead to?
> Extinction effect
What is the extinction affect?
> Gradually weakening a conditioned response to a stimuli until it stops
What are the 2 types of reinforcement schedules ?
> Ratio
>Interval
Describe ratio schedules
>Fixed every 5 responses >Vending machine VS >Variable eg. average 5 responses >Slot machine
Interval schedules
>Fixed time periods >Checking mail box vs >Variable time periods >Checking emails
What is positive punishment
> Averse stimulus added
>Shock/ smacking
What is negative punishment
> Pleasant stimulus subtracted
>Time out
What do ratio vs interval schedules lead to?
> Differences in response patterns
What happened in Pavlovs experiment when the CS occurred without the UCS
> Extinction
Not unlearning response
Learning new repsonse
Bell does not = food
