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Health Assessment Lecture > ASSESSMENT OF ABDOMEN > Flashcards

ASSESSMENT OF ABDOMEN Flashcards

1
Q

System responsible for digesting the food that we eat

A

Gastrointestinal System or GI System

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2
Q

Components of the GI System

A
  • Mouth
  • Tongue
  • Parotid, sublingual, and sub-mandibular glands
  • Epiglottis
  • Pharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Rugae
  • Small Intestine
  • Vermiform Appendix
  • Large Intestine
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3
Q

Identify which component of GI System is being described
- this is where the first step of digestion occurs
- chewing, salivating, and swallowing

A

Mouth

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4
Q

Identify which component of GI System is being described
- Provides sense of taste

A

Tongue

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5
Q

Identify which component of GI System is being described
- they produce saliva

A

Parotid, Sublingual, and Submandibular glands

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6
Q

Identify which component of GI System is being described
- keeps food and fluid from being aspirated into the airway by closing over the larynx when food is swallowed

A

Epiglottis

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7
Q

Identify which component of GI System is being described
- consists of nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
- allows passage of food from mouth to the esophagus
- assist in swallowing
- secretes mucus which aids in digestion

A

Pharynx

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8
Q

Identify which component of GI System is being described
- hollow, muscular tube that is approximately 10 in long
- moves food from the pharynx to the stomach using peristalsis

A

Esophagus

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9
Q

Identify which component of GI System is being described
- dilated sac like structure that lies obliquely in the left upper quadrant
- contains two important sphincters: the cardiac sphincter and the pyloric sphincter
- stores food and mixes it with gastric juices
- passes chyme into the small intestine for further digestion and absorbtion

A

Stomach

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10
Q

This sphincter protects the entrance to the stomach

A

Cardiac Sphincter

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11
Q

This Sphincter guards the exit of the stomach

A

pyloric sphincter

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12
Q

Identify which component of GI System is being described
- accordion like folds in the stomach lining
- allow stomach to expand

A

Rugae

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13
Q

Identify which component of GI System is being described
- consist of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
- location of carbohydrate, fat, and protein breakdown
- absorbs the end products of digestion

A

Small Intestine

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14
Q

Identify which component of GI System is being described
- finger like projection attached to the cecum

A

Vermiform Appendix

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15
Q

Identify which component of GI System is being described
- consists of the cecum; ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colons; rectum; anus
- absorbs excess water and electrolytes
- stores food residue
- eliminates waste products in the form of feces

A

Large Intestine

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16
Q

This junction normally remains closed to prevent reflux of gastric contents and only opens during swallowing, belching, and vomiting

A

Esophagogastric Junction

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17
Q

Acessory GI organs and vessels

A
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas
  • Bile Ducts
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18
Q

Identify the Acessory GI organs or vessels being described
- metabolizes carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
- detoxifies blood
- converts ammonia to urea for excretion
- synthesizes plasma proteins, nonessential amino acids, vitamins, and essential nutrients
- secretes bile to digest fats and absorb fatty acids, cholesterol, and other lipids. It also gives stool their color

A

Liver

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19
Q

Identify the Acessory GI organs or vessels being described
- Stores bile from the liver until the bile empties into the duodenum

A

Gallbladder

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20
Q

Identify the Acessory GI organs or vessels being described
- measures 6 to 8 inches
- consist of a head, body, and tail
- releases insulin and glycogen into the bloodstream and produces enzymes that aid in digestion

A

Pancreas

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21
Q

Identify the Acessory GI organs or vessels being described
- has hepatic duct, cystic duct and common bile ducts

A

Bile Ducts

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22
Q

This duct drains bile from the liver

A

Hepatic Duct

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23
Q

This duct drains bile from the gallbladder

A

Cystic Duct

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24
Q

This duct receives bile from the hepatic and cystic ducts and empties bile into the duodenum

A

Common Bile Duct

25
Q

Identify which of the abdominal quadrants is being described
- includes right lobe of the liver
- includes Gallbladder
- includes Pylorus
- includes Duodenum
- includes head of the pancreas
- includes hepatic flexure of the colon
- includes portion of the transverse and ascending colon

A

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

26
Q

Identify which of the abdominal quadrants is being described
- includes the Cecum and Appendix
- includes portion of the ascending colon

A

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

27
Q

Identify which of the abdominal quadrants is being described
- includes left lobe of the liver
- includes spleen
- includes stomach
- includes body and tail of the pancreas
- includes splenic flexure of the colon
- includes portions of the transverse and descending colon

A

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

28
Q

Identify which of the abdominal quadrants is being described
- includes the Sigmoid Colon
- includes portion of the descending colon

A

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

29
Q

Obtaining a health history

A
  • Ask about past health
  • Ask about current health
    ✓ Gnawing problems
    ✓ Travel plans
  • Family history: SSS Disorders with a familial link include:
    ✓ ulcerative colitis
    ✓ colorectal cancer
    ✓ peptic ulcers
    ✓ gastric cancer
    ✓ alcoholism
    ✓ Crohn’s disease
  • Asking about psychosocial health
30
Q

Methods to assess the abdomen

A

Inspection, Auscultation, Percussion, and Palpation while mentally dividing it into 4 quadrants

31
Q

EXAMINING THE ABDOMEN
To ensure an accurate assessment, take these actions before the examination:

A

✓ Ask the patient to empty his bladder.
✓ Drape the genitalia and, if the patient is female, her breasts.
✓ Place a small pillow under the patient’s knees to help relax the abdominal muscles.
✓ Ask the patient to keep his arms at his sides.
✓ Keep the room warm. Chilling can cause abdominal muscles to become tense.
✓ Warm your hands and the stethoscope head.
✓ Speak softly, and encourage the patient to perform breathing exercises or use imagery during uncomfortable procedures.
✓ Ask the patient to point to any areas of pain.
✓ Assess painful areas last to help prevent the patient from tensing his abdominal muscles.

32
Q

Inspecting the Abdomen

A
  • check for symmetry, bumps, bulges, or masses
  • note patient’s abdominal shape and contour
  • assess the umbilicus which should be inverted and located in abdominal midline
33
Q

Auscultating Abdomen for Vascular Sounds

A
  • using a bell of a stethoscope placing it on each quadrant clockwise
  • note character and quality of bowel sounds in each quadrant
34
Q

Percussion of the Abdomen

A
  • use either direct or indirect to detect size and location of abnormal organs and detect air or fluid in the abdomen, stomach, or bowel
  • begin at RLQ and proceed clockwise
  • Note where percussed sounds change from tympany to dullness
  • dont percuss if patient has abdominal aortic aneurysm or transplanted abdominal organ
35
Q

Two sounds heard during percussion of the abdomen

A

Tympany - clear, hollow sound similar to a drum beating when percussing hollow organs
Dullness - heard when percussing solid organs

36
Q

Degree of Tympany depends on what?

A

amount of air present and gastric dilations

37
Q

Percussing the Liver Slide 24 to 25

A
  1. Identify upper border of liver dullness. Start in the right midclavicular line in area of lung resonance and go downward toward the liver using a pen to mark the spots where sound becomes dull
  2. Use a ruler to measure the distance between two marked spots. Normal liver of an adult ranges from 6.5 to 12 cm in the midclavicular line and 4 to 8 cm at the midsternal line
38
Q

PERCUSSING THE SPLEEN Slide 26 to 27

A
39
Q

Palpation of the abdomen slide 28 to 33

A
40
Q

EXAMINING THE RECTUM AND ANUS Slide 34 to 36

A
41
Q

Assessment Techniques for Ascites Slide 39 to 41

A
42
Q

Assessing Tender parts in the Abdomen Slide 43 to 49

A
43
Q

GASTROINTESTIONAL ABNORMALITIES
- probable causes of Burning pain

A

peptic ulcer, gastroesophageal reflux disease

44
Q

GASTROINTESTIONAL ABNORMALITIES
- probable causes of Cramping

A

Biliary Colic, Irratable Bowel Syndrome, Diarrhea, Constipation, Flatulence

45
Q

GASTROINTESTIONAL ABNORMALITIES
- probable causes of Severe Cramping

A

Appenidicitis, Crohn’s Disease, Diverticulitis

46
Q

GASTROINTESTIONAL ABNORMALITIES
- probable causes of Stabbing

A

Pancreatitis and Cholecystitis

47
Q

Abdominal Pain Origins Slide 52

A
48
Q

Results from gas, a tumor, or a colon filled with feces. May also be caused by an incisional hernia which protude when patient lifts his head and shoulders

A

Distention

49
Q

Skin Color Changes that signal a problem in the GI System

A
  • Jaundice
  • Spider Angiomas; signal liver disease
  • Cullen’s Sign
  • Grey Turner’s Sign
50
Q

Identify the Skin Color Changes that signal a problem in the GI System
- a bluish periumbilical discoloration
- signals intra abdominal hemorrhage
- may be seen in acure hemorrhagic pancreatitis
- may be seen with massive hemorrhage after trauma
- usually appears gradually
- extent of discoloration depends on the extent of bleeding
- difficult to detect on dark skinned patients

A

Cullen’s Sign

51
Q

Identify the Skin Color Changes that signal a problem in the GI System
- bruise like skin discoloration of the flank area
- appears 6 to 24 hours after onset of retroperitoneal hemorrhage associated with acute pancreatitis

A

Grey Turner’s Sign aka Turner’s Sign

52
Q

It usually indicates GI bleeding

A

Bloody Stools or Hematochezia

53
Q

it is caused by immobility, sedentary lifestyle, and medications. patient may complain of dull ache in abdomen and have a full feeling. Patient unable to pass flatus or stools and wont have bowel sounds below obstruction. Commonly occurs in older patients

A

Constipation

54
Q

Caused by toxins, medications, or a GI condition such as Crohn’s disease. Accommodated with cramping, abdominal tenderness, anorexia, and hyperactive bowel sounds

A

Diarrhea

55
Q

Its when the patient has difficulty swallowing which may be accompanied by weight loss. Can be caused by obstruction, achalasia of lower esophagogastric junction, or neurologic disease. Can lead to aspiration and pneumonia

A

Dysphagia

56
Q

They both occur together. Caused by existing illness like:
- Myocardial Infraction
- Gastric and Peritoneal Irritation
- Appendicitis
- Bowel Obstruction
- Cholecystitis
- Acute Pancreatitis
- Bulimia Nervosa
- Neurologic Distrubances
- medications

A

Nausea and Vomiting

57
Q

Commonly associated with hepatitis and other liver diseases

A

Hepatomegaly

58
Q

its when the spleen is enlarged. caused by mononucleosis, trauma, and illnesses that destroy red blood cells like sickle cell anemia and some cancers

A

Splenomegaly

Health Assessment Lecture (17 decks)

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