16 Ass 8 pt 2 Transport and Gas Exchange in Mammals Flashcards
Q21 a name X and Y
X: mucous gland
Y:Cartilage
State the name of the type of biological molecule of which collagen is an example
protein
Name the structures of the gas exchange system that contain smooth muscle (check notes bc there might be more than in memo) 3
bronchiole, bronchus & trachea
Name the structures of the gas exchange system that DONT contain smooth muscle (check notes bc there might be more than in memo) 1
alveolus
List all of the structures through which a blood clot in the left atrium must travel to reach the
blood vessels supplying the brain.
The structures must be listed in the correct sequence. 4
atrioventricular valve, left ventricle, semi-lunar valve, aorta
Explain why blocking a small artery in the brain leads to brain damage.
Restricts oxygen flow to the brain cells
What does AF stand for?
Atrial fibrillation
What does myogenic mean in the heart 2
The electrical activity controlling the rhythm of a regular heartbeat
begins in the heart muscle itself
What is Atrial fibrillation? 3
An abnormal heart rhythm
that causes rapid, irregular contractions of the atria.
If untreated can cause a stroke
What is a common cause of AF?
When a small group of muscle cells in the left atrium wall starts to send electrical impulses to the surrounding heart muscle cells
Explain how the control of the heartbeat by the sinoatrial node can be disrupted by AF, resulting in
rapid and irregular atrial contractions 3
The sinoatrial node won’t be able to work as a pacemaker
because the impulses from other muscles will interfere
the extra impulses will cause extra contractions in the atria
Q22 c identify enzyme X
carbonic anhydrase
Q22 c identify molecule Y
haemoglobonic acid
What does carbonic anhydrase do?
It catalyses the reaction between CO2 and water to form carbonic acid
What does haemoglobonic acid do?
It causes oxygen to be released from haemoglobin
Q22 c Identify the aqueous environment labelled Z
Tissue fluid
List the stages of oxygen dissociation 6
CO2 diffuses from blood plasma into the red blood cells
Carbonic anhydrase catalyses the reaction btw CO2 & water to form carbonic acid
carbonic acid dissociates to form hydrogen ions & hydrogencarbonate ions
Oxygen is released from haemoglobin
hydrogencarbonate ions diffuse out of the red blood cell into the plasma
chloride ions diffuse into the red blood cell
Name specialised cells in the gas exchange system that prevent harmful microscopic particles
from reaching the alveoli. 3
Goblet cells, cilliated epithelial cells, macrophages
What do Goblet cells do to prevent harmful microscopic particles from reaching the alveoli?
They secrete mucus
which traps dirt and pathogens
Also moistens the air
What do cilliated epithelial cells do to prevent harmful microscopic particles from reaching the alveoli? 2
Move mucus away from the lungs
& back to the larynx so it can be swallowed
What do macrophages do to prevent harmful microscopic particles from reaching the alveoli? 2
They are clustered on surface of tracheal & bronchial lining
React to and destroy pathogens
Explain why red blood cells and albumin do not leave the capillary
They’re too large to fit through endothelial pores
Name the chemical reagent or reagents used to test for proteins in a sample of blood plasma
and state the colour change that will be seen if the protein is present. 2
Biuret reagent
it changes from blue to purple
What is oedema? 2
a swelling of tissues
caused by the accumulation of tissue fluid surrounding the body
cells in the capillary network
Suggest and explain how a low blood albumin concentration can lead to oedema.3
Blood will have a higher water potential with less albumin
so the water potential gradient will be less steep at the venous end so less water returns to the capillary
and more tissue fluid will leave the capillary down the water potential gradient
Name the type of membrane protein to which the cell signalling molecules bind
receptor protein
Name the blood vessels entering the heart that bring blood from the rest of the body.
Vena Cava
Outline and explain the events that occur in the heart during ventricular diastole 4
The ventricles relax, causing the pressure to drop be low the arteries
this causes semilunar valves to snap shut
all heart muscles now relax and blood flows from veins to the atria
while some trickles through atrial ventricular valves into the ventricles
Q24 c) State the base sequences of DNA triplet P G and R
CTC
GTG
GUG
Name the type of polypeptide in a haemoglobin molecule that is different in sickle cell haemoglobin compared to normal haemoglobin.
Beta-globin
What are the two parts of double circulation called?
Systematic circulation & pulmonary circulation
What happens during systematic circulation? 4
Blood flows out of the left side of the heart into the aorta
Traveling through all body parts except the lungs
It flows to the right side of the heart through the vena cava
The blood is at higher pressure at this point
What happens during pulmonary circulation?3
Blood flows out of the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery, traveling to the lungs
It then returns to the left side through the pulmonary veins
Blood here flows at a lower pressure
What are red blood cells? 3
Quaternary globular proteins
with an iron prosthetic group
produced in bone marrow
What are white blood cells? 3
Spherical cells with a nucleus
Part of immune system
produced in bone marrow
How is tissue fluid formed? 3
Blood plasma leaks out of capillary pores
into space between cells and endothelium
Because of high hydrostatic pressure
Where does carbon dioxide bind to a haemoglobin molecule?
Directly to some of the amine groups
