2. water carbs and proteins continued Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a glycosidic bond?

A

-Bond between sugar molecules to form carbs

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2
Q

What is an Ester bond? 4

A

found in lipids

links fatty acids to glycerol

Triglycerides have 3 Ester bonds

phospholipids have 2 ester bonds

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3
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

joins amino acids together to form proteins

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4
Q

What is collagen? 3

A

-Most common protein in animals
-insoluble
- fibrous

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5
Q

What elements make up proteins? 4

A

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

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6
Q

How is shape of polypeptide chain maintained when coiled into an alpha helix?

A

hydrogen bonds

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7
Q

What is secondary protein structure? 4

A

-Formed when hydrogen bonding occurs between Oxy of C=O group on one amino acid
-And hydrogen-NH group on another amino acid further along the chain
-Result is formation of alpha helix & beta pleated sheets
-some areas of polypeptide will have neither structures & remain random coils depending on R groups present

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8
Q

Describe tertiary structure 5

A

-Caused by bonds forming between R-groups on amino acids that lie close to each other
-happens when chain starts to coil
-Creates 3D structures
-held firmly in place by bonds (must name in exam)
- tertiary structure gives active site its precise shape in enzymes

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9
Q

What bonds hold the 3D tertiary protein structure together? 4

A

hydrogen, disulfide, ionic bonds & weak hydrophobic interactions

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10
Q

What does high specific heat capacity do in body?

A

prevents wide variations in body temperature

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11
Q

What does strong cohesive forces between water molecules do 2

A

-creates surface for insects to walk on

-transpiration pull in xylem

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12
Q

What is high heat of vaporisation?

A

the amount of energy needed to change one gram of a liquid substance to a gas at constant temperature

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13
Q

What does high heat of vaporization in water do to help sustain life

A

major component
of sweat used in
heat loss

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14
Q

Water is solvent for polar molecules and ions, what does that do to sustain life?

A

transport medium in blood plasma and phloem

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15
Q

22 What is bond at X

A

alpha 1,6 glycosydic bond

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16
Q

What are advantages of mammals having highly branched storage molecules? 3

A

-many ends for attachment & removal of glucose
-means glucose can be stored more quickly & accessed faster
-Good for when energy requirements lead to higher respiration demands

17
Q

features of starch? 3

A

-glycosidic bonds between monomers

-stored within chloroplasts

-exists in two forms - branched and unbranched chains

18
Q

describe how the structure of glycogen differs from the structure of amylose 3

A

-glycogen is branched molecule
- glycogen has 1,6 and 1,4 glycosidic bonds
-glycogen not coiled into helical shape

19
Q

describe the advantages for organisms in storing polysaccharides, such as glycogen, rather than storing glucose 3

A
  • Storage polysaccharides are compact so lots of glucose can be stored
    -Storage polysaccharides are unreactive (unlike glucose)
    -have osmotic effect on cell bc insoluble
20
Q

Draw annotated diagram to explain how a glucose molecule is formed from the free end of the glycogen molecule

A

pg 15 model answer

21
Q

Explain what is meant by the term primary structure .

A

sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain

22
Q

pg 17 The molecular structure of the first two amino acids of lysozyme, lysine and valine, is shown below.
Use the space to show how these amino acids become linked in a condensation reaction.

A

pg 17

23
Q

What breaks a peptide bond?

A

hydrolysis- addition of water

24
Q

Describe disulphide bonds 4

A

-broken by reducing agents
-formed between sulphur atoms
-Form between cysteine R groups in proteins
-strong covalent bond

25
Q

Describe hydrophobic interactions 3

A

-formed between non-polar molecules
-Non-polar try to avoid contact with polar molecules like water
-very weak

26
Q

describe ionic bonds 2

A
  • formed when atoms donate or receive electrons
  • electrostatic attraction
27
Q

Describe a hydrogen bond 4

A

-Formed by electrostatic attraction
-between a proton & electronegative atom
-quick to form and break
-somewhat weak

28
Q

What is a covalent bond? 4

A

-Bond between 2 non-metal atoms
-that share at least 1 pair of electrons
-found as single, double or triple bonds depending on electron number
-very strong

29
Q

Describe weak hydrophobic interactions IN PROTEINS 3

A

-occur between non-polar R-groups (makes them hydrophobic)
-Found in centre of protein shielded by other amino acids
-Stay together bc they’re repelled by water around them

30
Q

Describe ionic bonds IN PROTEINS

A

Form between ionised amine groups & ionised carboxylic groups

31
Q

Draw a diagram of bond numbers on a ring structure

A

paperclip in carbs section on file

32
Q

Why does pH change break ionic bonds?2

A

It’s charge based, so broken by anything that interferes with charge

pH changes H+ concentration

33
Q

Describe a hydrogen bond 4

A

-Formed by electrostatic attraction
-between a proton & electronegative atom
-quick to form and break
-somewhat weak