20 Ass 10 immunity Flashcards
What are the 1st 4 events of phagocytosis?
Cell releases histamine when attacked by pathogens
Histamine attracts patrolling neutrophils to site of invasion
Pathogens may be covered in antibodies secreted by lymphocytes,
further stimulating neutrophil to attack pathogen
What are the next 5 events of phagocytosis?
Neutrophil binds to cell receptors on pathogen
and engulfs the cell with it’s membrane
This forms a phagocyte vesicle
Once inside, lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes like proteases fuse to vesicles
These break down the pathogen
What types of cells are stimulated to divide by cytokines produced by T-helper cells?
B-lymphocytes and T-killer cells
What is a Leydig cell?
Cells in testes and male gonads that synthesise testosterone
What is a characteristic of a Leydig cell?
Lots of smooth endoplasmic reticulum to synthesise testosterone
21 B Fig 3.1 what type of image is it?
transmission electron micrograph?
What are the characteristics of a light microscope image? 4
Max X1000 magnification
Colour images
Stains can be applied
Can observe living specimens
What are the characteristics of electron micrographs? 4
High resolution so can produce clear images at higher magnification than light microscopes
Only non-living specimens can be observed
images are black and white but false colours can be applied
Cell ultrastructure can be seen
What is the difference between an electron micrograph and a transmission electron micrograph?
Transmission is even more high powered and higher res
What kind of hormone is testosterone?
lipid hormone
How does testosterone enter the cell?
Simple diffusion ( because it’s non-polar)
What is simple diffusion?
Net movement of particles (usually small and non-polar) from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
Are lipids polar or non polar?
non-polar
Why can’t cytokines cross the cell surface membrane and enter their target cells? 2
They could be too big to fit through gaps between fatty acids
Or they’re polar and can’t go through the hydrophobic centre of the membrane
What is exocytosis 3
The process by which materials are transported out of cells
the substances to be released are packaged into secretory vesicles
formed by Golgi body
What is endocytosis 2
The process of capturing a substance or particle from outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane
It buds off inside the cell to form a vesicle
22 what is happening at T 2
exocytosis, because vesicles are coming from Golgi body
22 what is P?
nucleolus
22 what is Q
mitochondrion
22 what is R
rough endoplasmic reticulum
22 what is S
Golgi apparatus
What does is the nucleolus primary function?
Formation of ribosomes
What does is the mitochondrion primary function?
site of aerobic respiration
What does is the rough endoplasmic reticulum primary function?
protein synthesis
What does is the Golgi apparatus primary function? 2
process molecules from the ER
form vesicles for exocytosis
What is the standard treatment used for suspected cholera cases2
Rehydration with a solution of water, salts and glucose
Can be delivered orally or intravenously if patient can’t swallow
Suggest and explain why oral rehydration can prevent larger outbreak of cholera 3
It helps patient recover faster
so they’re contagious for shorter time
Reduces how severe the contagious symptoms are (less secretion of bodily fluids)
How does the structure of monoclonal antibodies allow them to be specific in their action 2
They have high specificity level due to 3D structure
and so specific antigen is complementary to binding site
Pg 19 Read context and see Fig
explain the conclusions that can be drawn from the results of the RDT dipsticks for each person
Person A has V.chloerae O1 and person B doesn’t have cholera
This is because in person A, area 3 has a visual coloured band,
showing that the anti O1 antibody binds to the antigen and V.cholerae 01, forming an antigen-antibody complex
Both tests are working because the band in area 4 is visible
c pg 11 see table & read context
calculate percentage chance of RDT dipstick correctly confirming that a person with cholera has the disease
97/102 x 100= 95%
What are the advantages of using an RDT dipstick over a lab culture? 3
It’s quicker
requires less expensive equipment
doesn’t require a trained professional
