20 Ass 10 immunity

Question 1

What are the 1st 4 events of phagocytosis?

Answer 1

Cell releases histamine when attacked by pathogens

Histamine attracts patrolling neutrophils to site of invasion

Pathogens may be covered in antibodies secreted by lymphocytes,

further stimulating neutrophil to attack pathogen

Question 2

What are the next 5 events of phagocytosis?

Answer 2

Neutrophil binds to cell receptors on pathogen

and engulfs the cell with it’s membrane

This forms a phagocyte vesicle

Once inside, lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes like proteases fuse to vesicles

These break down the pathogen

Question 3

What types of cells are stimulated to divide by cytokines produced by T-helper cells?

Answer 3

B-lymphocytes and T-killer cells

Question 4

What is a Leydig cell?

Answer 4

Cells in testes and male gonads that synthesise testosterone

Question 5

What is a characteristic of a Leydig cell?

Answer 5

Lots of smooth endoplasmic reticulum to synthesise testosterone

Question 6

21 B Fig 3.1 what type of image is it?

Answer 6

transmission electron micrograph?

Question 7

What are the characteristics of a light microscope image? 4

Answer 7

Max X1000 magnification

Colour images

Stains can be applied

Can observe living specimens

Question 8

What are the characteristics of electron micrographs? 4

Answer 8

High resolution so can produce clear images at higher magnification than light microscopes

Only non-living specimens can be observed

images are black and white but false colours can be applied

Cell ultrastructure can be seen

Question 9

What is the difference between an electron micrograph and a transmission electron micrograph?

Answer 9

Transmission is even more high powered and higher res

Question 10

What kind of hormone is testosterone?

Answer 10

lipid hormone

Question 11

How does testosterone enter the cell?

Answer 11

Simple diffusion ( because it’s non-polar)

Question 12

What is simple diffusion?

Answer 12

Net movement of particles (usually small and non-polar) from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

Question 13

Are lipids polar or non polar?

Answer 13

non-polar

Question 14

Why can’t cytokines cross the cell surface membrane and enter their target cells? 2

Answer 14

They could be too big to fit through gaps between fatty acids

Or they’re polar and can’t go through the hydrophobic centre of the membrane

Question 15

What is exocytosis 3

Answer 15

The process by which materials are transported out of cells

the substances to be released are packaged into secretory vesicles

formed by Golgi body

Question 16

What is endocytosis 2

Answer 16

The process of capturing a substance or particle from outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane

It buds off inside the cell to form a vesicle

Question 17

22 what is happening at T 2

Answer 17

exocytosis, because vesicles are coming from Golgi body

Question 18

22 what is P?

Answer 18

nucleolus

Question 19

22 what is Q

Answer 19

mitochondrion

Question 20

22 what is R

Answer 20

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 21

22 what is S

Answer 21

Golgi apparatus

Question 22

What does is the nucleolus primary function?

Answer 22

Formation of ribosomes

Question 23

What does is the mitochondrion primary function?

Answer 23

site of aerobic respiration

Question 24

What does is the rough endoplasmic reticulum primary function?

Answer 24

protein synthesis

Question 25

What does is the Golgi apparatus primary function? 2

Answer 25

process molecules from the ER form vesicles for exocytosis

Question 26

What is the standard treatment used for suspected cholera cases2

Answer 26

Rehydration with a solution of water, salts and glucose Can be delivered orally or intravenously if patient can't swallow

Question 27

Suggest and explain why oral rehydration can prevent larger outbreak of cholera 3

Answer 27

It helps patient recover faster so they're contagious for shorter time Reduces how severe the contagious symptoms are (less secretion of bodily fluids)

Question 28

How does the structure of monoclonal antibodies allow them to be specific in their action 2

Answer 28

They have high specificity level due to 3D structure and so specific antigen is complementary to binding site

Question 29

Pg 19 Read context and see Fig explain the conclusions that can be drawn from the results of the RDT dipsticks for each person

Answer 29

Person A has V.chloerae O1 and person B doesn't have cholera This is because in person A, area 3 has a visual coloured band, showing that the anti O1 antibody binds to the antigen and V.cholerae 01, forming an antigen-antibody complex Both tests are working because the band in area 4 is visible

Question 30

c pg 11 see table & read context calculate percentage chance of RDT dipstick correctly confirming that a person with cholera has the disease

Answer 30

97/102 x 100= 95%

Question 31

What are the advantages of using an RDT dipstick over a lab culture? 3

Answer 31

It's quicker requires less expensive equipment doesn't require a trained professional