20 Ass 10 immunity Flashcards
What are the 1st 4 events of phagocytosis?
Cell releases histamine when attacked by pathogens
Histamine attracts patrolling neutrophils to site of invasion
Pathogens may be covered in antibodies secreted by lymphocytes,
further stimulating neutrophil to attack pathogen
What are the next 5 events of phagocytosis?
Neutrophil binds to cell receptors on pathogen
and engulfs the cell with it’s membrane
This forms a phagocyte vesicle
Once inside, lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes like proteases fuse to vesicles
These break down the pathogen
What types of cells are stimulated to divide by cytokines produced by T-helper cells?
B-lymphocytes and T-killer cells
What is a Leydig cell?
Cells in testes and male gonads that synthesise testosterone
What is a characteristic of a Leydig cell?
Lots of smooth endoplasmic reticulum to synthesise testosterone
21 B Fig 3.1 what type of image is it?
transmission electron micrograph?
What are the characteristics of a light microscope image? 4
Max X1000 magnification
Colour images
Stains can be applied
Can observe living specimens
What are the characteristics of electron micrographs? 4
High resolution so can produce clear images at higher magnification than light microscopes
Only non-living specimens can be observed
images are black and white but false colours can be applied
Cell ultrastructure can be seen
What is the difference between an electron micrograph and a transmission electron micrograph?
Transmission is even more high powered and higher res
What kind of hormone is testosterone?
lipid hormone
How does testosterone enter the cell?
Simple diffusion ( because it’s non-polar)
What is simple diffusion?
Net movement of particles (usually small and non-polar) from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
Are lipids polar or non polar?
non-polar
Why can’t cytokines cross the cell surface membrane and enter their target cells? 2
They could be too big to fit through gaps between fatty acids
Or they’re polar and can’t go through the hydrophobic centre of the membrane
What is exocytosis 3
The process by which materials are transported out of cells
the substances to be released are packaged into secretory vesicles
formed by Golgi body