15 Ass 8 pt 1 Transport & Gas Exchange in Mammals

Question 1

What components are found in arteries? 3

Answer 1

Collagen

Endothelium

Smooth muscle

Question 2

Q2 what type of blood cell is in X?

Answer 2

Phagocyte

Question 3

Which tissue types are present in the walls of all blood vessels?

Answer 3

endothelial

Question 4

List parts of the human circulatory system: right atrium artery, vein, & capillaries

in order from most highest blood pressure to lowest blood pressure 4

Answer 4

Artery
capillary
vein
right atrium

Question 5

How thick is the pulmonary artery?

Answer 5

1.30 mm

Question 6

Is the blood in the pulmonary artery oxygenated or deoxygenated?

Answer 6

deoxygenated

Question 7

What is the blood pressure inside the pulmonary artery?

Answer 7

15-39 mmHg

Question 8

Q6 where is the blood pressure the lowest

Answer 8

4

Question 9

Q6 where is the speed of flow the lowest?

Answer 9

1

Question 10

Q 7 which letters show measurements taken in the lung capillaries?

Answer 10

P

Question 11

Q 7 which letters show measurements taken in the active muscle?

Answer 11

R

Question 12

What can combine with the haem group of a haemoglobin molecule?

Answer 12

oxygen and carbon monoxide

Question 13

Write the equation for the reaction catalysed by carbonic anhydrase

Answer 13

CO2+H2O -> H2CO3

Question 14

Which mechanism accounts for the way most of the carbon dioxide is transported in blood?

Answer 14

CO2 is converted to hydrogencarbonate ions inside red blood cells

Question 15

Which reactions take place in blood that’s passing through active tissues? 3

Answer 15

(see Q11 for more accurate format)

HbO8-> Hb + 4O2

HbO8 + H+-> HHb + 4O2

H2O + CO2 -> H2CO3

Question 16

Q12 Read contest & question

Answer 16

65.5%

Question 17

Describe the state of the wall of the ventricle, atrioventricular valve and semilunar valve during atrial systole 3

Answer 17

Wall of ventricle: relaxed

atrioventricular valve: open

Semilunar valve: closed

Question 18

What parts of the heart control heart action?

Answer 18

sinoatrial node (SAN)

atrioventricular node (AVN)

Purkyne tissue

Question 19

What causes atrial contraction?

Answer 19

SAN produces waves of excitation

Question 20

What causes ventricular contraction?

Answer 20

Purkyne tissue carries waves of excitation

Question 21

15 The graph shows pressure changes in diff parts of heart during mammalian cardiac cycle. Each letter represents when a valve opens or closes. What happens at W?

Answer 21

atrioventricular valve closes

Question 22

15 The graph shows pressure changes in diff parts of heart during mammalian cardiac cycle. Each letter represents when a valve opens or closes. What happens at X?

Answer 22

semilunar valve opens

Question 23

15 The graph shows pressure changes in diff parts of heart during mammalian cardiac cycle. Each letter represents when a valve opens or closes. What happens at Y?

Answer 23

semilunar valve closes

Question 24

15 The graph shows pressure changes in diff parts of heart during mammalian cardiac cycle. Each letter represents when a valve opens or closes. What happens at Z?

Answer 24

Atrioventricular valve opens

Question 25

What tissues are in the walls of the trachea?

Answer 25

epithelial tissue, cartilage, smooth muscle

Question 26

What tissues are in the wall of the bronchus?

Answer 26

ciliated epithelial tissue, goblet cells, elastic fibres and cartilage

Question 27

Q17 read context & describe the image 3

Answer 27

An outer layer of ciliated epithelial & goblet cells

on top of elastic fibres

supported by an outer layer of cartilage

Question 28

How many times must a molecule of carbon monoxide pass through a cell surface membrane as it diffuses from an air space in an alveolus, through a cell in the capillary wall, into a red blood cell?

Answer 28

5

Question 29

What helps maintain a steep oxygen concentration gradient between the air in an alveolus and the blood? 3

Answer 29

breathing in brings a supply of air with a relatively high concentration of oxygen to the alveolus

Blood flow brings blood with a relatively low concentration of oxygen to the alveolus

The relatively low concentration of CO2 in alveolus results in the CO2 leaving the red blood cell, allowing the haemoglobin to combine with oxygen

Question 30

Q20 which structures are present in the photomicrograph?

Answer 30

artery, vein, bronchus

Question 31

Do arteries carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

Answer 31

Oxygenated, except for pulmonary blood vessels

Question 32

Do veins carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

Answer 32

Deoxygenated

Question 33

Why are red blood cells biconcave?

Answer 33

To increase surface are for rapid diffusion of oxygen in and out of the cell

Question 34

What does partial pressure mean in an oxygen disassociation curve?

Answer 34

The “concentration” of oxygen

Question 35

What happens during atrial systole? 4

Answer 35

The atria contract to force blood into the ventricles below

Only small amount of pressure needed, so atrial walls thin

Pressure in atria greater than ventricles,

so atrioventricular valves open & semilunar valves stay closed

Question 36

What happens during ventricular systole? 3

Answer 36

Short delay after atria contract before ventricles do, which allows ventricles to fill with blood

Thick muscular walls contract from base upwards to squeeze blood into aorta and pulmonary artery

When ventricles contract, pressure is greater in ventricles than arteries & aorta, so atrioventricular valves close & semilunar valves open

Question 37

What happens during (ventricular) diastole? 3

Answer 37

Heart muscles all relax

when ventricles relax, arteries & semilunar valves snap shut

blood flows from veins to atria & some trickles through atrioventricular valves into ventrivles