16 Ass 8 pt 2 Transport and Gas Exchange in Mammals Flashcards

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1
Q

Q21 a name X and Y

A

X: mucous gland
Y:Cartilage

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2
Q

State the name of the type of biological molecule of which collagen is an example

A

protein

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3
Q

Name the structures of the gas exchange system that contain smooth muscle (check notes bc there might be more than in memo) 3

A

bronchiole, bronchus & trachea

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4
Q

Name the structures of the gas exchange system that DONT contain smooth muscle (check notes bc there might be more than in memo) 1

A

alveolus

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5
Q

List all of the structures through which a blood clot in the left atrium must travel to reach the
blood vessels supplying the brain.
The structures must be listed in the correct sequence. 4

A

atrioventricular valve, left ventricle, semi-lunar valve, aorta

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6
Q

Explain why blocking a small artery in the brain leads to brain damage.

A

Restricts oxygen flow to the brain cells

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7
Q

What does AF stand for?

A

Atrial fibrillation

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8
Q

What does myogenic mean in the heart 2

A

The electrical activity controlling the rhythm of a regular heartbeat

begins in the heart muscle itself

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9
Q

What is Atrial fibrillation? 3

A

An abnormal heart rhythm

that causes rapid, irregular contractions of the atria.

If untreated can cause a stroke

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10
Q

What is a common cause of AF?

A

When a small group of muscle cells in the left atrium wall starts to send electrical impulses to the surrounding heart muscle cells

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11
Q

Explain how the control of the heartbeat by the sinoatrial node can be disrupted by AF, resulting in
rapid and irregular atrial contractions 3

A

The sinoatrial node won’t be able to work as a pacemaker

because the impulses from other muscles will interfere

the extra impulses will cause extra contractions in the atria

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12
Q

Q22 c identify enzyme X

A

carbonic anhydrase

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13
Q

Q22 c identify molecule Y

A

haemoglobonic acid

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14
Q

What does carbonic anhydrase do?

A

It catalyses the reaction between CO2 and water to form carbonic acid

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15
Q

What does haemoglobonic acid do?

A

It causes oxygen to be released from haemoglobin

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16
Q

Q22 c Identify the aqueous environment labelled Z

A

Tissue fluid

17
Q

List the stages of oxygen dissociation 6

A

CO2 diffuses from blood plasma into the red blood cells

Carbonic anhydrase catalyses the reaction btw CO2 & water to form carbonic acid

carbonic acid dissociates to form hydrogen ions & hydrogencarbonate ions

Oxygen is released from haemoglobin

hydrogencarbonate ions diffuse out of the red blood cell into the plasma

chloride ions diffuse into the red blood cell

18
Q

Name specialised cells in the gas exchange system that prevent harmful microscopic particles
from reaching the alveoli. 3

A

Goblet cells, cilliated epithelial cells, macrophages

19
Q

What do Goblet cells do to prevent harmful microscopic particles from reaching the alveoli?

A

They secrete mucus

which traps dirt and pathogens

Also moistens the air

20
Q

What do cilliated epithelial cells do to prevent harmful microscopic particles from reaching the alveoli? 2

A

Move mucus away from the lungs

& back to the larynx so it can be swallowed

21
Q

What do macrophages do to prevent harmful microscopic particles from reaching the alveoli? 2

A

They are clustered on surface of tracheal & bronchial lining

React to and destroy pathogens

22
Q

Explain why red blood cells and albumin do not leave the capillary

A

They’re too large to fit through endothelial pores

23
Q

Name the chemical reagent or reagents used to test for proteins in a sample of blood plasma
and state the colour change that will be seen if the protein is present. 2

A

Biuret reagent

it changes from blue to purple

24
Q

What is oedema? 2

A

a swelling of tissues

caused by the accumulation of tissue fluid surrounding the body
cells in the capillary network

25
Q

Suggest and explain how a low blood albumin concentration can lead to oedema.3

A

Blood will have a higher water potential with less albumin

so the water potential gradient will be less steep at the venous end so less water returns to the capillary

and more tissue fluid will leave the capillary down the water potential gradient

26
Q

Name the type of membrane protein to which the cell signalling molecules bind

A

receptor protein

27
Q

Name the blood vessels entering the heart that bring blood from the rest of the body.

A

Vena Cava

28
Q

Outline and explain the events that occur in the heart during ventricular diastole 4

A

The ventricles relax, causing the pressure to drop be low the arteries

this causes semilunar valves to snap shut

all heart muscles now relax and blood flows from veins to the atria

while some trickles through atrial ventricular valves into the ventricles

29
Q

Q24 c) State the base sequences of DNA triplet P G and R

A

CTC
GTG
GUG

30
Q

Name the type of polypeptide in a haemoglobin molecule that is different in sickle cell haemoglobin compared to normal haemoglobin.

A

Beta-globin

31
Q

What are the two parts of double circulation called?

A

Systematic circulation & pulmonary circulation

32
Q

What happens during systematic circulation? 4

A

Blood flows out of the left side of the heart into the aorta

Traveling through all body parts except the lungs

It flows to the right side of the heart through the vena cava

The blood is at higher pressure at this point

33
Q

What happens during pulmonary circulation?3

A

Blood flows out of the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery, traveling to the lungs

It then returns to the left side through the pulmonary veins

Blood here flows at a lower pressure

34
Q

What are red blood cells? 3

A

Quaternary globular proteins
with an iron prosthetic group
produced in bone marrow

35
Q

What are white blood cells? 3

A

Spherical cells with a nucleus
Part of immune system
produced in bone marrow

36
Q

How is tissue fluid formed? 3

A

Blood plasma leaks out of capillary pores

into space between cells and endothelium

Because of high hydrostatic pressure

37
Q

Where does carbon dioxide bind to a haemoglobin molecule?

A

Directly to some of the amine groups