15 Ass 8 pt 1 Transport & Gas Exchange in Mammals Flashcards
What components are found in arteries? 3
Collagen
Endothelium
Smooth muscle
Q2 what type of blood cell is in X?
Phagocyte
Which tissue types are present in the walls of all blood vessels?
endothelial
List parts of the human circulatory system: right atrium artery, vein, & capillaries
in order from most highest blood pressure to lowest blood pressure 4
Artery
capillary
vein
right atrium
How thick is the pulmonary artery?
1.30 mm
Is the blood in the pulmonary artery oxygenated or deoxygenated?
deoxygenated
What is the blood pressure inside the pulmonary artery?
15-39 mmHg
Q6 where is the blood pressure the lowest
4
Q6 where is the speed of flow the lowest?
1
Q 7 which letters show measurements taken in the lung capillaries?
P
Q 7 which letters show measurements taken in the active muscle?
R
What can combine with the haem group of a haemoglobin molecule?
oxygen and carbon monoxide
Write the equation for the reaction catalysed by carbonic anhydrase
CO2+H2O -> H2CO3
Which mechanism accounts for the way most of the carbon dioxide is transported in blood?
CO2 is converted to hydrogencarbonate ions inside red blood cells
Which reactions take place in blood that’s passing through active tissues? 3
(see Q11 for more accurate format)
HbO8-> Hb + 4O2
HbO8 + H+-> HHb + 4O2
H2O + CO2 -> H2CO3
Q12 Read contest & question
65.5%
Describe the state of the wall of the ventricle, atrioventricular valve and semilunar valve during atrial systole 3
Wall of ventricle: relaxed
atrioventricular valve: open
Semilunar valve: closed
What parts of the heart control heart action?
sinoatrial node (SAN)
atrioventricular node (AVN)
Purkyne tissue
What causes atrial contraction?
SAN produces waves of excitation
What causes ventricular contraction?
Purkyne tissue carries waves of excitation
15 The graph shows pressure changes in diff parts of heart during mammalian cardiac cycle. Each letter represents when a valve opens or closes. What happens at W?
atrioventricular valve closes
15 The graph shows pressure changes in diff parts of heart during mammalian cardiac cycle. Each letter represents when a valve opens or closes. What happens at X?
semilunar valve opens
15 The graph shows pressure changes in diff parts of heart during mammalian cardiac cycle. Each letter represents when a valve opens or closes. What happens at Y?
semilunar valve closes
15 The graph shows pressure changes in diff parts of heart during mammalian cardiac cycle. Each letter represents when a valve opens or closes. What happens at Z?
Atrioventricular valve opens
What tissues are in the walls of the trachea?
epithelial tissue, cartilage, smooth muscle
What tissues are in the wall of the bronchus?
ciliated epithelial tissue, goblet cells, elastic fibres and cartilage
Q17 read context & describe the image 3
An outer layer of ciliated epithelial & goblet cells
on top of elastic fibres
supported by an outer layer of cartilage
How many times must a molecule of carbon monoxide pass through a cell surface membrane as it diffuses from an air space in an alveolus, through a cell in the capillary wall, into a red blood cell?
5
What helps maintain a steep oxygen concentration gradient between the air in an alveolus and the blood? 3
breathing in brings a supply of air with a relatively high concentration of oxygen to the alveolus
Blood flow brings blood with a relatively low concentration of oxygen to the alveolus
The relatively low concentration of CO2 in alveolus results in the CO2 leaving the red blood cell, allowing the haemoglobin to combine with oxygen
Q20 which structures are present in the photomicrograph?
artery, vein, bronchus
Do arteries carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?
Oxygenated, except for pulmonary blood vessels
Do veins carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?
Deoxygenated
Why are red blood cells biconcave?
To increase surface are for rapid diffusion of oxygen in and out of the cell
What does partial pressure mean in an oxygen disassociation curve?
The “concentration” of oxygen
What happens during atrial systole? 4
The atria contract to force blood into the ventricles below
Only small amount of pressure needed, so atrial walls thin
Pressure in atria greater than ventricles,
so atrioventricular valves open & semilunar valves stay closed
What happens during ventricular systole? 3
Short delay after atria contract before ventricles do, which allows ventricles to fill with blood
Thick muscular walls contract from base upwards to squeeze blood into aorta and pulmonary artery
When ventricles contract, pressure is greater in ventricles than arteries & aorta, so atrioventricular valves close & semilunar valves open
What happens during (ventricular) diastole? 3
Heart muscles all relax
when ventricles relax, arteries & semilunar valves snap shut
blood flows from veins to atria & some trickles through atrioventricular valves into ventrivles
