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Cardiovascular system > Arrythmias > Flashcards

Arrythmias Flashcards

1
Q

What is normal sinus rhythm?

A

60-100bpm

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2
Q

What is normal p wave?

A

0.5-2.5mm tall

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3
Q

What is normal PR interval?

A

0.12-0.2 secs

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4
Q

What is normal QRS complex?

A

<0.12secs

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5
Q

What is normal QT interval?

A

<0.42 secs

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6
Q

What is normal T wave?

A

0.1-0.25 secs

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7
Q

What is normal ST segment?

A

0.08 secs

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8
Q

What are the four cardiac arrest rhythms?

A

Shockable:
- Ventricular tachycardia
- Ventricular fibrillation
Non-shockable:
- Pulseless electrical activity
- Asystole

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9
Q

What are the types of tachycardia?

A

Sinus tachycardia
Supraventricular tachycardia
Wolf Parkinson White syndrome
Atrial flutter
Atrial fibrillation
Ventricular tachycardia
Torsade’s de pointes
Ventricular fibrillation

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10
Q

What is SVT?

A

Electrical signal re-enters the atria from the ventricles
Narrow QRS complex
- AV nodal re-entry: re-entry back through AV node
- AV re-entry: re-entry via accessory pathway (WPW)
- Atrial tachycardia: electrical signal originates in atria somewhere other than SA node

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11
Q

What is WPW syndrome?

A

Caused by accessory pathway connecting atria and ventricles called the Bundle of Kent
Short PR interval
Wide QRS complex
Definitive treatment is radiofrequency ablation

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12
Q

What is torsades de pointes?

A

Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia
Occurs in patients with a prolonged QT interval
Twisting and progressive change in amplitude of the QRS complexes

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13
Q

What are the types of heart block?

A

First degree
Second degree
Third degree
Right bundle branch block
Left bundle branch block

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14
Q

What is first degree heart block?

A

Delayed conduction through AV node
Prolonged PR Interval

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15
Q

What is second degree heart block?

A

Excitation intermittently fails to pass through AV node

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16
Q

What are the patterns of second degree heart block?

A

Mobitz type 1 (Wenckebach’s phenomenon)
Mobitz type 2

17
Q

What is mobitz type 1?

A

Progressive lengthening of PR interval and eventual failure of conduction of atrial beat then cycle repeats

18
Q

What is mobitz type 2?

A

Intermittent failure of AV conduction causing missing QRS complexes
Risk of asystole

19
Q

What is 2:1 block?

A

2 p waves for each QRS complex
Caused by mobitz heart block

20
Q

What is third degree heart block?

A

Complete heart block
No relationship between P waves and QRS complexes
Significant risk of asystole

21
Q

What is RBBB?

A

Ventricles depolarise consecutively instead of simultaneously
Wide QRS complexes

22
Q

What is LBBB?

A

Ventricles depolarise consecutively instead of simultaneously
More influence on ECG

23
Q

What is the classification of treatments?

A

Vaughan William’s classification
- I: Na+ channel blockers
- II: Beta blockers
- III: K+ channel blockers
- IV: Ca2+ channel blockers
- V: other antiarrhythmics

24
Q

What are Na+ channel blockers?

A

Ia (moderate)- quinidine
Ib (weak)- lidocaine
Ic (strong)- flecainide

25
Q

What are Beta blockers?

A

Atenolol
Bisoprolol
Propranolol
First line in AF

26
Q

What are K+ channel blockers?

A

Amiodarone

27
Q

What are Ca2+ channel blockers?

A

Verapamil
Diltiazem

28
Q

What is the action of digoxin?

A

Cardiac glycoside
Blocks Na+/K+ ATPase pump

29
Q

What is the action of adenosine?

A

Blocks AV node

30
Q

When are anticoagulants given?

A

Atrial fibrillation
Warfarin

31
Q

What are types of anticoagulants?

A

Vitamin K antagonists- warfarin
Thrombin inhibitors- dabigatran
Factor Xa inhibitors- apixaban, edoxaban

32
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

Contraction of atria is uncoordinated, rapid and irregular
Absence of P waves

33
Q

What are the symptoms of AF?

A

Palpitations
SoB
Syncope
Irregular;y irregular pulse

34
Q

What does AF look like on ECG?

A

Absent p waves
Narrow QRS complex tachycardia
Irregularly irregular ventricular rhythm

35
Q

What are the main causes of AF?

A

Sepsis
Mitral valve pathology
Ischaemic heart disease
Thyrotoxicosis
Hypertension

36
Q

What is the principles of treating AF?

A

Rate control
Rhythm control
Anticoagulation to prevent stroke

37
Q

What is CHA2DS2VAS score for AF?

A

AF stroke risk
Congestive heart failure
Hypertension
Age>75
Diabetes
Stroke history
Vascular disease
Age 65-74
Sex (female)

Cardiovascular system (17 decks)

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