Aquisirion Amd Retention Of 8nformation Flashcards
WhAt is cognitive psychology
Wilhelm Wundt - first psychological lab- attempting to investigate the mind through introspection
- controlled conditions marked seperation of new psychology
Study of the mind as information processor
Internal mental behaviour studies using experiments
Focus on mental processing of information
How do we aquire store and retrieve information
Attention, Encoding, storage, retrieval
Encoding
Interpreting incoming information
Can be compromised by extent to which observer is paying attention
Type of information quality of items duration of presentation order and timing of st8uli can all affect how egfectively information s is encoded
Warnings of test can affect how well infom4atio. Is endowed incidental vs intentional learning
Storage
Stage between encoding and retrieval tested by manipulated factors regarding the retention interval
Varying time between presentation and test allows understanding of the types of memory stores
Serial position effect
At the top of the list - items presented at the beginning are rehearsed into long term memory known as the primacy effect
In the middle of the list are not rehearsed into ltm and new item s displace them from stm forgotten
Items at the bottom of list items enter short term memory known as the recency effect
Multi-store model
Information into sensory memory if paid attention goes into short term memory which when rehearsed can go into long term memory in
Sensory memory
Information held briefly for -500ms auitory -2s envormkemtal stimukatiommprocessed enters stm if attended to
Short term memory
Limited capacity about 7 +/- 7 items but times decay rapidly replaced by new material Unkess maintained
Long term memory
Unlimited capacity
Evaluation of multi-store model
+ Amnesiacs severe LTM impairments but intact stm
+ KF had no problems with long term memory and implied separate stores
X levels of processing theory rehearsal doesn’t nesserily transfer memory from stm to ltm depends on
Even of processing
X assumes st lt dotres are unitary but if st forgetting auditory information was greater than forgetting visual stimuli and was limited to verbal information not meaningful sounds
Working memory model
Proposed wmm in response to shortcomings msm
WMM recognised the importance of sts in coordinating and monitoring daily activities
But stm has limited has limited capacity but allow simultaneous task by drawing different resources Saul task procedure if as,e sofee performance should suffer
Badderly and hitch - working memory model
STM used for non memory tasks need to store information about the out come of early processes
Wmm - central executive
Limite capacity resembles attention deals with cognitively demanding tasks coordinating the other systems
Visual spatial sketch pad
Temporal store of visual and spatial info
Episodic buffer
Memories stored across modalities signings
Phonological loop
Stores acoustic and verbal information maintained through verbal rehearsal
Evaluation WMM
+ considers information processing and storage
+ Badderly competing visual tasks suffer due to limited storage but visual and verbal tasks appeared to use separate components
X doesn’t consider other senses
Lieberman blind people have excellent spatial awareness in a sense of visual info
X Little research has been done in central executive hard to objectively research
Robins memory of chess position affected by central e e utibe related task
Long term memory
Episodic memory-LTM for personal experiences
Semantic memory- LTM concerning general knowledge about the world
Levels of processing theory- craik and Lockhart
Shallow processing - low retention - processing of material to extract superficial sensory information
High retention deep processing has semantic meaning processing of material that extracts meaning
Evaluation of the LoP theory
Congrats with msm memory due to depth of processing of info no clear distinction between short term and long term memory
+ evidence suggests semantic processing produces better memory than perceptual processing + supported by brain imaging studies
X difficult to determine how much meaning extracted during encoding in retrospect can not objectively measured
X depth or more effort and time spent processing
X effect reversed with rhyme recognition test words presented during rhyming test better remembered than words presented with a sentence completion termed transfer approximate processing
Forgetting
Can be calculated as an equation known as the forgetting function
Ebbinghus forgetting curve
Decay
Memory deteriorates over time
X forgetting varies according to conditions of the event regardless of time
Interference
Also known as retroactive inhibition
Learning new material interferes with older learning
Josts law of forgetting older memories are less vulnerable to forgetting compared to new memories
Reconstructive memory
Bartlett the war of ghosts
Participants read stories
Recalled 15 mins up to 6 years later
Recall included rationalisation instructions distortion gaps filled with schemas
