Aquisirion Amd Retention Of 8nformation

Question 1

WhAt is cognitive psychology

Answer 1

Wilhelm Wundt - first psychological lab- attempting to investigate the mind through introspection
- controlled conditions marked seperation of new psychology
Study of the mind as information processor
Internal mental behaviour studies using experiments
Focus on mental processing of information

Question 2

How do we aquire store and retrieve information

Answer 2

Attention, Encoding, storage, retrieval

Question 3

Encoding

Answer 3

Interpreting incoming information
Can be compromised by extent to which observer is paying attention
Type of information quality of items duration of presentation order and timing of st8uli can all affect how egfectively information s is encoded
Warnings of test can affect how well infom4atio. Is endowed incidental vs intentional learning

Question 4

Storage

Answer 4

Stage between encoding and retrieval tested by manipulated factors regarding the retention interval
Varying time between presentation and test allows understanding of the types of memory stores

Question 5

Serial position effect

Answer 5

At the top of the list - items presented at the beginning are rehearsed into long term memory known as the primacy effect
In the middle of the list are not rehearsed into ltm and new item s displace them from stm forgotten
Items at the bottom of list items enter short term memory known as the recency effect

Question 6

Multi-store model

Answer 6

Information into sensory memory if paid attention goes into short term memory which when rehearsed can go into long term memory in

Question 7

Sensory memory

Answer 7

Information held briefly for -500ms auitory -2s envormkemtal stimukatiommprocessed enters stm if attended to

Question 8

Short term memory

Answer 8

Limited capacity about 7 +/- 7 items but times decay rapidly replaced by new material Unkess maintained

Question 9

Long term memory

Answer 9

Unlimited capacity

Question 10

Evaluation of multi-store model

Answer 10

+ Amnesiacs severe LTM impairments but intact stm
+ KF had no problems with long term memory and implied separate stores
X levels of processing theory rehearsal doesn’t nesserily transfer memory from stm to ltm depends on
Even of processing
X assumes st lt dotres are unitary but if st forgetting auditory information was greater than forgetting visual stimuli and was limited to verbal information not meaningful sounds

Question 11

Working memory model

Answer 11

Proposed wmm in response to shortcomings msm
WMM recognised the importance of sts in coordinating and monitoring daily activities
But stm has limited has limited capacity but allow simultaneous task by drawing different resources Saul task procedure if as,e sofee performance should suffer

Question 12

Badderly and hitch - working memory model

Answer 12

STM used for non memory tasks need to store information about the out come of early processes

Question 13

Wmm - central executive

Answer 13

Limite capacity resembles attention deals with cognitively demanding tasks coordinating the other systems

Question 14

Visual spatial sketch pad

Answer 14

Temporal store of visual and spatial info

Question 15

Episodic buffer

Answer 15

Memories stored across modalities signings

Question 16

Phonological loop

Answer 16

Stores acoustic and verbal information maintained through verbal rehearsal

Question 17

Evaluation WMM

Answer 17

+ considers information processing and storage
+ Badderly competing visual tasks suffer due to limited storage but visual and verbal tasks appeared to use separate components
X doesn’t consider other senses
Lieberman blind people have excellent spatial awareness in a sense of visual info
X Little research has been done in central executive hard to objectively research
Robins memory of chess position affected by central e e utibe related task

Question 18

Long term memory

Answer 18

Episodic memory-LTM for personal experiences
Semantic memory- LTM concerning general knowledge about the world

Question 19

Levels of processing theory- craik and Lockhart

Answer 19

Shallow processing - low retention - processing of material to extract superficial sensory information
High retention deep processing has semantic meaning processing of material that extracts meaning

Question 20

Evaluation of the LoP theory

Answer 20

Congrats with msm memory due to depth of processing of info no clear distinction between short term and long term memory
+ evidence suggests semantic processing produces better memory than perceptual processing + supported by brain imaging studies
X difficult to determine how much meaning extracted during encoding in retrospect can not objectively measured
X depth or more effort and time spent processing
X effect reversed with rhyme recognition test words presented during rhyming test better remembered than words presented with a sentence completion termed transfer approximate processing

Question 21

Forgetting

Answer 21

Can be calculated as an equation known as the forgetting function
Ebbinghus forgetting curve

Question 22

Decay

Answer 22

Memory deteriorates over time
X forgetting varies according to conditions of the event regardless of time

Question 23

Interference

Answer 23

Also known as retroactive inhibition
Learning new material interferes with older learning
Josts law of forgetting older memories are less vulnerable to forgetting compared to new memories

Question 24

Reconstructive memory

Answer 24

Bartlett the war of ghosts
Participants read stories
Recalled 15 mins up to 6 years later
Recall included rationalisation instructions distortion gaps filled with schemas

Question 25

Serial position effect

Answer 25

Understanding memory eg alzwihers disease - impaired ltm functioning and therfore no primacy effect but normal decency effect
Lectures- use of overviews and summaries
Adv erasing people pay attention to first and last items implications for sales

Question 26

Applied memory - eyewitness memory

Answer 26

Depth of processing
Retention interval delay memory initially decays rapidly followed by much slower decline van lopped and lock-in accuracy of EWT of banks robbers decreased with longer delay self administered interview
Interference misinformation we encounter sai and separate witness during testimony
Order in which. Events occurred
Reconstructive memory

Question 27

Revising for an exam

Answer 27

Levels processing - semantic than perception should result in deeper processing through using elaboration rehearsal rather than simple repetition
Sleeping to sonsolidate memories. And avoid interference
X cramming interference from new time