Apraxia Flashcards

1
Q

Ideational apraxia

A

Failure to perform sequential motor movements though each individual component can be performed in isolation

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2
Q

Neuroanatomical correlate of ideational apraxia

A

L parietal lobe or diffuse cortical involvement (dementia)

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3
Q

Conduction apraxia

A

Pt can pantomime movements to command, but has difficulty imitating transitive movements

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4
Q

Four broad categories of errors seen in ideomotor apraxia

A

1) perseverative 2) sequencing error 3) spatial 4) timing

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5
Q

Neuroanatomical correlate of ideomotor apraxia

A

LH, anywhere w/i perisylvian region

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6
Q

Limb-kinetic apraxia

A

Loss of deftness including ability to make finely graded, precise, individual but coordinated finger movements

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7
Q

According to the ideomotor apraxia model, lesions of the left inferior parietal lobe will lead to

A

Inability to recognize gestures b/c damage to representations of learned, skilled mvmts; gesture discrimination problem

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8
Q

What are innervatory patterns (in relation to apraxia)?

A

Heilman’s theory: the specific motor plan used for praxis. The supplementary motor cortex is responsible for translating praxicons into innervatory patterns.

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9
Q

Weintraub says that ideational apraxia may represent a primary distrubance of

A

Attention or executive functions

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10
Q

2 causes of ideomotor apraxia, as postulated by the representational hypothesis

A

Damage to the praxicons (believed to be in either L supramarginal or angular gyrus) OR connection b/t this area & primary motor cortex

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11
Q

Patients with ideomotor apraxia have the greatest difficulties when asked to make what type of movements?

A

Transative (to use a tool) However, is also seen with intransitive movements

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12
Q

Dressing apraxia

A

Difficulty with dressing following RH lesions; not seen in isolation

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13
Q

Ocular apraxia

A

Inability to perform purposeful ocular movements Component of Balint’s syndrome

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14
Q

Ideomotor apraxia

A

Defective execution of individual components of an action

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15
Q

Conceptual apraxia

A

Pt can make transitive movements, but use the wrong one (ex hammering motor for screwdriver) Assoc. w/ posterior L lesions (Liepman says caudal L parietal)

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16
Q

According to the ideomotor apraxia model, lesions of the connections between the left inferior parietal lobe & the supplementary motor area will lead to

A

Bilateral ideomotor apraxia but can comprehend & discriminate gestures; movement memories not destroyed, just can’t interact with anterior areas responsible for motor implementation

17
Q

Buccofacial apraxia

A

Difficulty making movements with face, larynx, pharynx, etc. Assoc. w/ lesions in frontal & central opercula, anterior insula, 1st temporal gyrus

18
Q

According to the ideomotor apraxia model, lesions of the supplementary motor area will lead to

A

Bilateral ideomotor apraxia with an inability to comprehend & discriminate gestures; innervatory patterns can’t gait access to motor area

19
Q

Optic apraxia/optic ataxia

A

Apraxia of ocular searching movements affecting visually-guided hand mvmt

20
Q

Gait apraxia

A

Disorder of gait seen in diseases affecting the frontal lobe

21
Q

3 types of spatial errors seen in ideomotor apraxia

A

1) posture 2) spatial orientation 3) spatial movement (movement at wrong joints)

22
Q

Disconnection hypothesis of apraxia

A

Disconnection b/t language areas & visuokinesthetic engrams; fibers either cross from Wernicke’s area to the CL association area or from the L premotor area to the R premotor area

23
Q

Ansher & Benson (1993) - potential sites of damage associated with apraxia

A
  1. Lesion to L parietal lobe can damage arcuate fasciculus, interrupting flow of into anteriorly, prevents motor system from receiving direction to act
  2. Large lesion to L premotor area interferes w/ motor execution
  3. Lesion to anterior CC (only seen w/ L hand)
24
Q

Goodglass defective symbolization model of apraxia

A

Because the LH seems involved in both apraxia & aphasia, this is the idea that the L is involved in symbolization (apraxia being a loss of nonverbal symbolization). Counter argument: not all individuals with apraxia have aphasia

25
Representational (or praxicon) hypothesis of apraxia
Heilman argues for existence of 'visuo-kinesthetic engrams' or 'praxiconx' in the inferior parietal lobe Based on idea that newrvous system learns & stores skilled mvmt; disconnection b/t the area that stores this info & premotor/motor areas will result in poor implementation of skill mvmts
26
Buccofacial apraxia is common with type of aphasia?
Broca's
27
Neuroanatomical correlate of limb-kinetic apraxia
CL premotor area or subjacent WM
28
Liepman's neuroanatomical model of apraxia
Suggested that the L parietal area is critical for control of complex mvmt; mediated by the L frontal lobe & area 4 for the R side of the body; disruption anywhere in this system would produce R-sided apraxia; control of the L limbs was proposed to be mediated via CC
29
Proglems with Liepman's Neuroanatomical Model
Does not recognize involvement of BG & thalamus in movement Patients w/ circumscribed cortical lesions do not typically demonstrate chronic abnormalities on standard clinical tests of apraxia
30
Geschwind's model of apraxia involves impairment of what tract?
Arcuate fasciculus
31
Apraxia
Acquired disorder of skilled purposeful movement (may still do automatically)
32
Representational hypothesis of apraxia (Heilman)
The brain stores "praxicons" (visuo-kinesthetic engrams) in the inferior parietal lobe