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Psychology > APPROACHES - COMPARING APPROACHES > Flashcards

APPROACHES - COMPARING APPROACHES Flashcards

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1
Q

What is reductionism?

A

The view that behaviour should be studied by breaking down the individual into its smaller components

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2
Q

Define Holism

A

The idea that human behaviour should be viewed as a whole integrated experience, and not as separate parts

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3
Q

Define idiographic

A

In terms of approaches, focusing on the individual and emphasising the unique personal experience of human nature

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4
Q

Define nomothetic

A

In psychology, the concern with general laws, based on the study of large groups of people

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5
Q

What approaches believe in free will?

A

Humanistic

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6
Q

What approaches are deterministic?

A
  • Biological approach
  • Behaviourist approach
  • Social Learning Theory
  • Cognitive approach
  • Psychodynamic approach
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7
Q

What approaches take the nature debate?

A
  • Biological approach
  • Cognitive approach
  • Psychodynamic approach
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8
Q

What approaches take the nurture debate?

A
  • Behaviourist approach
  • Social learning theory
  • Cognitive approach
  • Humanistic approach
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9
Q

What approaches are reductionist?

A
  • Biological approach
  • Behaviourist approach
  • Social learning theory
  • Cognitive approach
  • Psychodynamic approach
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10
Q

What approach is holistic?

A
  • Humanistic approach
  • Psychodynamic approach
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11
Q

What approaches are nomothetic?

A
  • Biological approach
  • Behaviourist approach
  • Social learning theory
  • Cognitive approach
  • Psychodynamic approach
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12
Q

What approaches are idiographic?

A
  • Cognitive approach
  • Psychodynamic approach
  • Humanistic approach
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13
Q

What approaches are scientific?

A
  • Biological approach
  • Behaviourist approach
  • Social learning theory
  • Cognitive approach
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14
Q

What approaches are non-scientific?

A
  • Psychodynamic approach
  • Humanistic approach
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15
Q

Explain how the biological approach is determinist

A
  • Biological determinism
  • intelligence research suggests intelligence is determined by genetic factors - 60-80%
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16
Q

Explain how the behaviourist approach is determinist

A
  • Environmental determinism
  • Pavlov demonstrated behaviour is determined through association between stimulus and response
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17
Q

Explain how SLT is determinist

A
  • Bandura demonstrated that behaviour is determined by vicarious learning - observation of a model
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18
Q

Explain how the cognitive approach is determinist

A
  • schema determine behaviour
  • Atkinson + Shiffrin suggest all human memory can be explained by the Multi-Store Model of Memory
19
Q

Explain how the psychodynamic approach is determinist

A
  • Psychic determinism
  • balance of the id, ego + superego or unresolved repressed childhood trauma determine behaviour
20
Q

Explain how the humanistic approach believes in free will

A
  • we decide how to behave through our own free choices
  • e.g. we decide what it means to self-actualise and behave accordingly
21
Q

Explain how the biological approach believes in nature

A
  • intelligence research suggests intelligence is determined by genetic factors
22
Q

Explain how the behaviourist approach believes in nurture

A
  • Pavlov demonstrated behaviour is determined through association between stimulus and response
23
Q

Explain how SLT approach believes in nurture

A
  • Bandura demonstrated that behaviour is determined by vicarious learning - observation of a model
24
Q

Explain how the cognitive approach believes in nature and nurture

A
  • in cognitive neuroscience Burnett et al. (2009) found that when people feel guilty (nurture) the medial prefrontal cortex (nature) is activated
25
Q

Explain how the psychodynamic approach believes in nature

A
  • MOSTLY nature
  • innate drives - libido’s expression through the psychosexual stages
    ^— childhood experience shapes this (nurture)
26
Q

Explain how the humanistic approach believes in nurture

A
  • self-actualisation and what that looks like for each person is subjective
27
Q

Explain how the biological approach is reductionist

A
  • Biologically reductionist
  • elevated levels of testosterone are associated with aggression (Dabbs et al)
28
Q

Explain how the behaviourist approach is reductionist

A
  • Environmentally reductionist
  • Skinner reduces behaviour to positive/negative reinforcement and punishment
29
Q

Explain how SLT is reductionist

A
  • Environmentally reductionist
  • Bandura demonstrated aggression was the result of vicarious learning
30
Q

Explain how the cognitive approach is reductionist

A
  • Experimentally reductionist
  • when the cause of behaviour is the result of an IV, e.g. memory is studied in terms of capacity, duration + coded (how info gets into memory)
31
Q

Explain how the psychodynamic approach is reductionist and holistic

A
  • behaviour is reduced to innate drives but shaped by early childhood experiences
    ^— e.g. Little Hans case study - Freud suggested that his phobia of horses was related to the Oedipus complex - Freud suggested all phobias occurred this way
32
Q

Explain how the humanistic approach is holistic

A
  • focus on conscious experience, personal responsibility and the whole experience of a person striving for personal growth and fulfilment
33
Q

Explain how the biological approach is nomothetic

A
  • universal laws because humans share same physiologies
    ^— e.g. all behaviour has a genetic cause - elevated levels of testosterone are are associated with aggression
34
Q

Explain how the behaviourist approach is nomothetic

A
  • Universal laws as behaviour is the result of stimulus response
    ^— e.g. Pavlov’s dogs sound of bell (CS) > salivation (CR
  • All humans born tabula rasa
35
Q

Explain how SLT is nomothetic

A
  • Universal laws as behaviour is the result of vicarious reinforcement
    ^— Bandura demonstrates aggressive behaviour was socially transmitted
36
Q

Explain how the cognitive approach is nomothetic and idiographic

A
  • Attempts to establish general law of cognitive processing
    ^— e.g. MSM explains all human memory (Atkinson + Shiffrin)
  • Also used idiographic approach with case studies - him problems with STM helped us to understand how STM may work
37
Q

Explain how the psychodynamic approach is nomothetic and idiographic

A
  • Attempts to establish a general law in relation to innate drives
    ^— Freud used case studies (IDIOGRAPHIC) to create general laws
  • Individual childhood experience
    ^— e.g. Little Hans- Freud suggested that his phobia of horses was related to the Oedipus complex | Freud suggested all phobias occurred in this way (NOMOTHETIC)
38
Q

Explain how the humanistic approach is idiographic

A
  • Focuses on the subjective experience and makes no attempts to create general laws
39
Q

Explain how the biological approach is scientific

A
  • Biological approach promotes scientific methods of investigation
    ^— e.g. brain scans - Burnett et al (2009) demonstrated that the prefrontal cortex is active when feeling guilty
40
Q

Explain how the behaviourist approach is scientific

A
  • Behaviourist approach uses scientific methods
    ^— e.g. laboratory experiments (Pavlov’s dogs + Skinner’s rats)
41
Q

Explain how SLT is scientific

A
  • Mostly scientific
  • Uses scientific methods but also considers influence of mediational processes
    ^— e.g. Bobo Doll experiment - lab experiments, however acknowledgement of the role of attention, retention, motor reproduction + motivation between and observation + potential imitation
42
Q

Explain how the cognitive approach is scientific

A
  • Mostly scientific
  • Uses scientific methods but you cannot observe cognitive processes, only make inference from outcomes of lab experiments
43
Q

Explain how the psychodynamic approach is not scientific

A
  • Examines abstract concept that cannot be empirically researched
    ^— e.g. id, ego + superego are abstract - relies on subjective interpretation
44
Q

Explain how the humanistic approach is not scientific

A
  • Rejects scientific methods
    ^— unable to provide empirical evidence - e.g. the concept of self-actualisation is unique and subjective to an individual

Psychology (19 decks)

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