APES Unit 3c Flashcards
saltwater examples
estuaries, coastlines, coral reefs, coastal marshes, mangrove swamps, oceans
freshwater examples
lakes, rivers, ponds, stream, inland wetalnds
how is salt formed in saltwater
derived from breaking and cooling of igneous rocks, wearing down of mountains, and rain and streams transporting minerals
coastal zone
nutrient-rich, shallow water from high tide to continental shelf
estuary
partially enclosed area of coastal water - seawater mixes with freshwater and nutrients from rivers, streams, and runoff
benefits of estuaries
stirs up nutrients, filter sediments and pollutants, reduce storm damage, provide food and habitat for aquatic species
intertidal zone
area of shoreline between low and high tides - hard to live here - frequent tide changes and salinity levels - most hold on or dig in to deal with the changes in tide
barrier island
low narrow sandy islands that form offshore from a coastline - help protect mainland - estuaries and coastal wetlands from storm waves
coral reefs
form in clear, warm, fairly shallow, high salinity coastal waters of tropics and subtropics with little to no nutrients (composed of calcium carbonate, and they grow slowly and are easily disrupted)
what forms carbonic acid (H2CO3)
CO2+H2O
Euphotic zone
lighted upper zone, nutrient levels are low, DO is high (populated by large predatory fish)
Bathyal zone
dimly lit middle zone, no photosynthesizing producers (populated by zooplankton and smaller fish)
Abyssal zone
dark and very cold with little amounts of DO; high in nutrients (nutrients are from dead and decaying organisms
Littoral zone
type of freshwater life zone - shallow waters at the shoreline, high biological diversity, plants and animals receive abundant sunlight
Limnetic zone
open sunlit water - surface layer away from the shore, producers supply food and oxygen to most lake consumers
profundal zone
deep open water no light, low oxygen levels
benthic zone
nourished by detritus that falls from the zones above and sediment washing into the lake, very low temperatures and low oxygen levels
thermocline
distinct temperature barrier between a surface layer of warmer water and the colder, deeper water underneath (can prevent dissolved oxygen from getting to the lower layer and vital nutrients from getting to the upper layer)
oligotrophic
newly formed lake with a small supply of plant nutrients (deep with steep banks, little sediment - clear water with small populations of phytoplankton and fish
Eutrophic
layer of excessive supply of nutrients (shallow, murky brown or green water, poor visibility, dense fish population)
Mesotrophic lakes
in between
surface water
water in rivers, lakes, oceans
runoff
part of irrigation water, precipitation, or snow melt that appears in uncontrolled surface streams, rivers, drains, or sewers
watershed
area of land where all of the water that is under it or drains off of it goes into the same place
lake
body of relatively still water of considerable size, localized in a basin, that is surrounded by land
river
large, combination of tributary streams
stream
body of water that flows across the earth’s surface via a current and is contained within a narrow channel and banks
hydrothermal vents
underwater volcanoes at spreading ridges and convergent plate boundaries produce hot springs
chemosynthesis
use of energy released by inorganic chemical reactions to produce food (CO2+4H2S+O2=4S+3H2O)
externalities
negative costs associated with human actions that aren’t accounted for in the price (unintended side effects)
aquaculture
raising fish in captivity for harvest
driftnets
high seas drift nets, made of non-biodegradable plastic, suspended vertically in the water with floats attached to the top and weights at the bottom.=
problems with driftnets
by-catch, ghost-fishing net becomes detached and is drifting through the ocean
Purse seine
large wall of netting deployed around a school of fish, can be difficult to locate fish
problems with purse seine
non-selective method - captures everything that it surrounds and there are no regulations for minimizing by-catch
Long-lining
uses hundreds of even thousands of baited hooks hanging from a single line, extend for long distances and allowed to drift
problems with long-lining
by-catch, ghost-fishing continues to catch even when not intending
sonar
sound waves used to locate fish or to see the bottom
problems with sonar
targets specific fish quickly
by-catch
other species of fish, mammals, or birds being caught when using driftnets, long-lining, and bottom trawling
bottom trawling
especially harmful fishing method that involves design a large net along ocean floor
Endangered Species Act
lists species that are endangered or threatened, increase their recovery through captive breeding and reintroduction, prohibits harvesting and trading
CITES
governs international trade of threatened or endangered plants and animals species, must be ratified by each individual country
Marine Mammal Protection
protects all marine mammals
fisheries
populations of fish used for commercial fishing
fishery collapse
when over fishing causes 90% population decline in a fishery
economic consequences of fishery collapse
lost income for fisherman, lost tourism dollars for communities
mercury
most toxic non-radioactive element in the world and is released when is burned
