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Semester 1 > APES Unit 3c > Flashcards

APES Unit 3c Flashcards

1
Q

saltwater examples

A

estuaries, coastlines, coral reefs, coastal marshes, mangrove swamps, oceans

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2
Q

freshwater examples

A

lakes, rivers, ponds, stream, inland wetalnds

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3
Q

how is salt formed in saltwater

A

derived from breaking and cooling of igneous rocks, wearing down of mountains, and rain and streams transporting minerals

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4
Q

coastal zone

A

nutrient-rich, shallow water from high tide to continental shelf

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5
Q

estuary

A

partially enclosed area of coastal water - seawater mixes with freshwater and nutrients from rivers, streams, and runoff

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6
Q

benefits of estuaries

A

stirs up nutrients, filter sediments and pollutants, reduce storm damage, provide food and habitat for aquatic species

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7
Q

intertidal zone

A

area of shoreline between low and high tides - hard to live here - frequent tide changes and salinity levels - most hold on or dig in to deal with the changes in tide

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8
Q

barrier island

A

low narrow sandy islands that form offshore from a coastline - help protect mainland - estuaries and coastal wetlands from storm waves

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9
Q

coral reefs

A

form in clear, warm, fairly shallow, high salinity coastal waters of tropics and subtropics with little to no nutrients (composed of calcium carbonate, and they grow slowly and are easily disrupted)

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10
Q

what forms carbonic acid (H2CO3)

A

CO2+H2O

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11
Q

Euphotic zone

A

lighted upper zone, nutrient levels are low, DO is high (populated by large predatory fish)

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12
Q

Bathyal zone

A

dimly lit middle zone, no photosynthesizing producers (populated by zooplankton and smaller fish)

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13
Q

Abyssal zone

A

dark and very cold with little amounts of DO; high in nutrients (nutrients are from dead and decaying organisms

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14
Q

Littoral zone

A

type of freshwater life zone - shallow waters at the shoreline, high biological diversity, plants and animals receive abundant sunlight

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15
Q

Limnetic zone

A

open sunlit water - surface layer away from the shore, producers supply food and oxygen to most lake consumers

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16
Q

profundal zone

A

deep open water no light, low oxygen levels

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17
Q

benthic zone

A

nourished by detritus that falls from the zones above and sediment washing into the lake, very low temperatures and low oxygen levels

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18
Q

thermocline

A

distinct temperature barrier between a surface layer of warmer water and the colder, deeper water underneath (can prevent dissolved oxygen from getting to the lower layer and vital nutrients from getting to the upper layer)

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19
Q

oligotrophic

A

newly formed lake with a small supply of plant nutrients (deep with steep banks, little sediment - clear water with small populations of phytoplankton and fish

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20
Q

Eutrophic

A

layer of excessive supply of nutrients (shallow, murky brown or green water, poor visibility, dense fish population)

21
Q

Mesotrophic lakes

A

in between

22
Q

surface water

A

water in rivers, lakes, oceans

23
Q

runoff

A

part of irrigation water, precipitation, or snow melt that appears in uncontrolled surface streams, rivers, drains, or sewers

24
Q

watershed

A

area of land where all of the water that is under it or drains off of it goes into the same place

25
Q

lake

A

body of relatively still water of considerable size, localized in a basin, that is surrounded by land

26
Q

river

A

large, combination of tributary streams

27
Q

stream

A

body of water that flows across the earth’s surface via a current and is contained within a narrow channel and banks

28
Q

hydrothermal vents

A

underwater volcanoes at spreading ridges and convergent plate boundaries produce hot springs

29
Q

chemosynthesis

A

use of energy released by inorganic chemical reactions to produce food (CO2+4H2S+O2=4S+3H2O)

30
Q

externalities

A

negative costs associated with human actions that aren’t accounted for in the price (unintended side effects)

31
Q

aquaculture

A

raising fish in captivity for harvest

32
Q

driftnets

A

high seas drift nets, made of non-biodegradable plastic, suspended vertically in the water with floats attached to the top and weights at the bottom.=

33
Q

problems with driftnets

A

by-catch, ghost-fishing net becomes detached and is drifting through the ocean

34
Q

Purse seine

A

large wall of netting deployed around a school of fish, can be difficult to locate fish

35
Q

problems with purse seine

A

non-selective method - captures everything that it surrounds and there are no regulations for minimizing by-catch

36
Q

Long-lining

A

uses hundreds of even thousands of baited hooks hanging from a single line, extend for long distances and allowed to drift

37
Q

problems with long-lining

A

by-catch, ghost-fishing continues to catch even when not intending

38
Q

sonar

A

sound waves used to locate fish or to see the bottom

39
Q

problems with sonar

A

targets specific fish quickly

40
Q

by-catch

A

other species of fish, mammals, or birds being caught when using driftnets, long-lining, and bottom trawling

41
Q

bottom trawling

A

especially harmful fishing method that involves design a large net along ocean floor

42
Q

Endangered Species Act

A

lists species that are endangered or threatened, increase their recovery through captive breeding and reintroduction, prohibits harvesting and trading

43
Q

CITES

A

governs international trade of threatened or endangered plants and animals species, must be ratified by each individual country

44
Q

Marine Mammal Protection

A

protects all marine mammals

45
Q

fisheries

A

populations of fish used for commercial fishing

46
Q

fishery collapse

A

when over fishing causes 90% population decline in a fishery

47
Q

economic consequences of fishery collapse

A

lost income for fisherman, lost tourism dollars for communities

48
Q

mercury

A

most toxic non-radioactive element in the world and is released when is burned

49
Q
A

Semester 1 (13 decks)

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