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APES > APES Unit 3b > Flashcards

APES Unit 3b Flashcards

1
Q

Urbanization

A

removing of vegetation to convert natural landscape to city

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2
Q

Urban Sprawl

A

population movement out of dense, urban centers to less dense suburban areas surrounding the city

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3
Q

what causes urban sprawl?

A

cheaper property in suburbs than cities, cars make it easy to get places, domino effect, residents leave, so businesses leave

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4
Q

smart growth

A

mandated urban growth boundaries, reinvest in existing infrastructure, design neighborhoods that have homes near shops, offices, mix land use, walk able neighborhoods

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5
Q

Environmental benefits

A

minimize air and water pollution, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, encourage cleanup and reuse of contaminated properties, preserve natural lands

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6
Q

biotic potential

A

max capacity of living things to survive and reproduce under optimal environmental resistance

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7
Q

Type 1

A

(k-select), high survivorship in early and mid life, rapid decrease in survivorship in late life as old age sets in

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8
Q

Type 2

A

(in between r and k) steadily decreasing survivorship throughout life

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9
Q

Type 3

A

High mortality early in life due to little to no parental care, few make it to midlife, even fewer make it to adulthood

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10
Q

example of type 1

A

bear

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11
Q

example of type 2

A

songbird

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12
Q

example of type 3

A

insect

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13
Q

Industrialization

A

the process of economic and social transition from an agrarian economy to an industrial one

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14
Q

Pre-industrialized/less developed

A

a country that has not yet made the agrarian to industrial transition, very poor, high death rate and high infant mortality, high TFR

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15
Q

Industrializing/developing

A

part way through this transition, decreasing death rate and IMR, rising GDP

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16
Q

Indsutrialized

A

completed transition, very low DR and IMR, very high GDP, low TFR

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17
Q

total fertility rate

A

average number of children a woman in a population will bear throughout her lifetime, high population growth rate

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18
Q

what does a high TFR mean?

A

high birth rate

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19
Q

Replacement Level Fertility

A

the TFR required to offset deaths in a population and keep population size stable

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20
Q

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

A

number of deaths of children under 1 year per 1000 people in a population

21
Q

factors in IMR decline

A

access to clean water, access to healthcare, more reliable food supply

22
Q

factors that affect TFR

A

more developed, or wealthy nations have a lower TFR than less developed nations, more educational access for women, more economic opportunity for women, more access to family planning, later age of first pregnancy, government policy

23
Q

government policy

A

can play a huge role in fertility to coercive or non-coercive policies, forced or voluntary sterilization, China’s 1 (now 2) child policy, tax incentives to have fewer children

24
Q

factors increasing human population growth

A

high TFR = high birth rate, high IMR can drive up TFR, high immigration level, increased access to clean water and healthcare

25
Q

factors decreasing human population growth

A

high death rate, high IMR, increased development, increased education for women, delayed age of 1st child

26
Q

Stage 1: Pre-industrial

A

high IMR and death rate due to lack of access to clean water, stable food supply, and healthcare, high TFR due to lack of access to education for women, contraceptives

27
Q

Stage 2: Industrializing/Developing

A

Modernizations brings access to clean water, healthcare, stable food supply, IMR and CDR decline,

28
Q

Stage 3: Developed/Industrialized

A

modernized economy and society increase family income so TFR declines significantly due to more educational opportunities for women, delayed age of marriage and first child to focus on education/career

29
Q

Stage 4: Post-Industrialized/highly developed

A

highly modernized countries that are very affluent, TFR declines even further as families spend even more time on educational and career pursuits, increased wealth and education brings even more prevalent use of family planning and concentration

30
Q

fertility

A

measure of actual number of offspring produced

31
Q

fecundity

A

ability of an organism to reporduce

32
Q

natality

A

the production of new individuals

33
Q

mortality

A

actual number of individuals who die in a population

34
Q

survivorship

A

number of people in a given age bracket who continue to remain alive each year

35
Q

life expectancy

A

most probable number of years an individual will survive

36
Q

life span

A

longest length of life reached by a given species

37
Q

total growth rate

A

sum of the increases to the population due to immigration and births minus those who have died or emigrated

38
Q

natural growth rate

A

population growth due only to births and deaths

39
Q

arithmetic growth

A

increases by a constant number

40
Q

exponential growth

A

each value increases by a value that is itself increasing

41
Q

growth rate (r)

A

% increase in a population

42
Q

crude birth rate and crude death rate (CBR and CDR)

A

births and deaths per 1000 people in a population

43
Q

growth rate of nation or region (r)

A

the rate at which population is growing or declining - expressed as a percentage

44
Q

rule of 70

A

the time it takes for a population to double is equal to 70 divided by the growth rate

45
Q

standard of living

A

what the quality of life is like for people of a country based

46
Q

gross domestic product

A

key economic indicator of standard of living, total value of the goods and services produced

47
Q

life expectancy

A

key health indicator of standard of living, average age a person will live in a given country

48
Q
A

APES (7 decks)

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