APES Unit 3b Flashcards
Urbanization
removing of vegetation to convert natural landscape to city
Urban Sprawl
population movement out of dense, urban centers to less dense suburban areas surrounding the city
what causes urban sprawl?
cheaper property in suburbs than cities, cars make it easy to get places, domino effect, residents leave, so businesses leave
smart growth
mandated urban growth boundaries, reinvest in existing infrastructure, design neighborhoods that have homes near shops, offices, mix land use, walk able neighborhoods
Environmental benefits
minimize air and water pollution, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, encourage cleanup and reuse of contaminated properties, preserve natural lands
biotic potential
max capacity of living things to survive and reproduce under optimal environmental resistance
Type 1
(k-select), high survivorship in early and mid life, rapid decrease in survivorship in late life as old age sets in
Type 2
(in between r and k) steadily decreasing survivorship throughout life
Type 3
High mortality early in life due to little to no parental care, few make it to midlife, even fewer make it to adulthood
example of type 1
bear
example of type 2
songbird
example of type 3
insect
Industrialization
the process of economic and social transition from an agrarian economy to an industrial one
Pre-industrialized/less developed
a country that has not yet made the agrarian to industrial transition, very poor, high death rate and high infant mortality, high TFR
Industrializing/developing
part way through this transition, decreasing death rate and IMR, rising GDP
Indsutrialized
completed transition, very low DR and IMR, very high GDP, low TFR
total fertility rate
average number of children a woman in a population will bear throughout her lifetime, high population growth rate
what does a high TFR mean?
high birth rate
Replacement Level Fertility
the TFR required to offset deaths in a population and keep population size stable
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
number of deaths of children under 1 year per 1000 people in a population
factors in IMR decline
access to clean water, access to healthcare, more reliable food supply
factors that affect TFR
more developed, or wealthy nations have a lower TFR than less developed nations, more educational access for women, more economic opportunity for women, more access to family planning, later age of first pregnancy, government policy
government policy
can play a huge role in fertility to coercive or non-coercive policies, forced or voluntary sterilization, China’s 1 (now 2) child policy, tax incentives to have fewer children
factors increasing human population growth
high TFR = high birth rate, high IMR can drive up TFR, high immigration level, increased access to clean water and healthcare
factors decreasing human population growth
high death rate, high IMR, increased development, increased education for women, delayed age of 1st child
Stage 1: Pre-industrial
high IMR and death rate due to lack of access to clean water, stable food supply, and healthcare, high TFR due to lack of access to education for women, contraceptives
Stage 2: Industrializing/Developing
Modernizations brings access to clean water, healthcare, stable food supply, IMR and CDR decline,
Stage 3: Developed/Industrialized
modernized economy and society increase family income so TFR declines significantly due to more educational opportunities for women, delayed age of marriage and first child to focus on education/career
Stage 4: Post-Industrialized/highly developed
highly modernized countries that are very affluent, TFR declines even further as families spend even more time on educational and career pursuits, increased wealth and education brings even more prevalent use of family planning and concentration
fertility
measure of actual number of offspring produced
fecundity
ability of an organism to reporduce
natality
the production of new individuals
mortality
actual number of individuals who die in a population
survivorship
number of people in a given age bracket who continue to remain alive each year
life expectancy
most probable number of years an individual will survive
life span
longest length of life reached by a given species
total growth rate
sum of the increases to the population due to immigration and births minus those who have died or emigrated
natural growth rate
population growth due only to births and deaths
arithmetic growth
increases by a constant number
exponential growth
each value increases by a value that is itself increasing
growth rate (r)
% increase in a population
crude birth rate and crude death rate (CBR and CDR)
births and deaths per 1000 people in a population
growth rate of nation or region (r)
the rate at which population is growing or declining - expressed as a percentage
rule of 70
the time it takes for a population to double is equal to 70 divided by the growth rate
standard of living
what the quality of life is like for people of a country based
gross domestic product
key economic indicator of standard of living, total value of the goods and services produced
life expectancy
key health indicator of standard of living, average age a person will live in a given country
