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APES > APES Unit 1: Soil and Biodiversity > Flashcards

APES Unit 1: Soil and Biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

Ecosystem

A

the number of different habitats available in a given area

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2
Q

Species

A

the number of different species in an ecosystem and the balance or evenness of the population sizes of all species in the ecosystem

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3
Q

Resilience

A

the ability of an ecosystem to return to its original conditions after a major disturbance

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4
Q

Richness

A

the total number of different species found in an ecosystem

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5
Q

Evenness

A

a measure of how all the individuals organisms in an ecosystem are balanced between

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6
Q

Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)

A

a measure of the soil’s ability to hold positively charged ions.

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7
Q

Abiotic

A

non-living organisms (sand, silt, clay)

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8
Q

Biotic

A

living organisms (humus, microorganisms)

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9
Q

Porosity

A

amount of pore space a soil has

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10
Q

What soil has the highest porosity?

A

clay

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11
Q

What soil has the lowest porosity?

A

sand

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12
Q

Permeability

A

how easily water drains through a soil

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13
Q

What soil has the highest permeability?

A

Sand

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14
Q

What soil has the lowest permeability?

A

sand

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15
Q

H2O holding capacity

A

how well water is retained or held by a soil

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16
Q

Provisioning

A

Goods/products directly provided to humans for sale/use by ecosystems or products that are made from natural resources that ecosystems provide

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17
Q

Provisioning example

A

fish, lumber, seeds, paper

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18
Q

Regulating

A

a benefit provided by the ecosystem processes that moderate natural conditions like climate and air quality

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19
Q

Regulating example

A

trees in a forest sequester CO2 through photosynthesis which reduces rate of Climate change

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20
Q

Supporting

A

Natural ecosystems support processes we do ourselves, making them less costly and easier for us

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21
Q

Supporting example

A

bees/insects pollinate crops, leading to more crop production and higher profits

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22
Q

Cultural

A

Revenue from recreational activities (hunting) and profits from scientific discoveries made in ecosystems (health)

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23
Q

Cultural example

A

beautiful landscapes draw tourists who pay to enter parks

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24
Q

Carbon Cycle

A

Includes photosynthesis, respiration exchange, sedimentation and burial, extraction, and combustion

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25
Q

What is the largest carbon sink?

A

sedimentary rock

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26
Q

Photosynthesis

A

the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a byproduct.

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27
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Cellular respiration is a metabolic pathway that uses glucose to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), organisms take up the oxygen released from plants and produce carbon dioxide

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28
Q

Nitrogen Cycle

A

a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms, consecutively passing from the atmosphere to the soil to organism and back into the atmosphere.

29
Q

Nitrogen Cycle Step 1

A

Nitrogen Fixation

30
Q

Nitrogen Fixation Conversion

A

N2 to NO3

31
Q

Nitrogen Fixation

A

the circulation or cyclic movement of Nitrogen from the atmosphere (physical or abiotic component) to soil (biotic) and back into the atmosphere

32
Q

Nitrogen Fixation (lightning)

A

High temps of lightning bolt can break the bonds of nitrogen gas (N2) Nitrogen bonds with oxygen to create nitrogen oxides, they dissolve in moisture to form

33
Q

Nitrogen Fixation (Bacteria)

A

Changes nitrogen gas into ammonia (NH3) which then dissolves in water to form ammonium (NH4+), some form a relationship with legumes

34
Q

Nitrification Conversion

A

NH3 to NO2 to NO3

35
Q

Nitrification

A

Ammonia is converted to Nitrites (NO2) and then to Nitrates (NO3)

36
Q

Nitrogen Cycle Step 2

A

Nitrification

37
Q

Nitrites

A

NO2

38
Q

Nitrates

A

NO3

39
Q

Nitrogen Cycle Step 3

A

Assimilation

40
Q

Assimilation

A

The process of absorbing Nitrates (N03) and Ammonia (NH3) into organic nitrogen to make amino acids, proteins, and DNA

41
Q

Assimilation Conversion

A

NH3 +NO3

42
Q

Nitrogen Cycle Step 4

A

Ammonification

43
Q

Ammonification

A

the process of converting organic nitrogen into ammonia (NH3) when animals die

44
Q

Ammonification conversion

A

N2 to NH3

45
Q

Ammonia

A

NH3

46
Q

Nitrogen Cycle Step 5

A

Dentifrication

47
Q

Dentrification

A

Nitrates are converted into molecular nitrogen through nitric oxide in order to maintain equilibrium of nitrogen (convert back to nitrogen gas and returns to the atmosphere)

48
Q

Dentrification Conversion

A

NO3 to NO to N2

49
Q

NO

A

Nitrogen Oxide

50
Q

What is ammonification also known as?

A

Mineralization

51
Q

Phosphorus Cycle

A

Not found in the atmosphere, the biogeochemical cycle that describes the transformation and translocation of phosphorus in soil, water, and living and dead organic material.

52
Q

Step 2 Phosphorus: Mineralization

A

Changes organic phosphorus back to inorganic phosphorus (plant absorbs phosphorus, animal eats plant, decomposer absorbs phosphorus)

53
Q

Step 1 Phosphorus: Weathering

A

Weathering moves Phosphorus to soil which absorbs it and moves to water

54
Q

Sulfur Cycle

A

The sulfur cycle describes the movement of sulfur through the geosphere and biosphere. Sulfur is released from rocks through weathering, and then assimilated by microbes and plants. It is then passed up the food chain and assimilated by plants and animals, and released when they decompose.

55
Q

Sulfur Cycle weathering

A

releases stored sulfur and comes into contact with air and turns to sulfate (SO4), then it is taken up by plants/microorganisms to organic forms

56
Q

Sulfur Assimilation

A

organisms die and decompose and releases sulfur as a sulfate and enters bacteria, fungus

57
Q

What are natural sources that emit sulfur into the atmosphere?

A

volcanic eruptions, breakdown of organic matter, and evaporation of H2O.

58
Q

Sulfur Cycle Rainfall

A

Eventually it settles back to earth/comes down as rainfall

59
Q

Acid Rain

A

higher amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids

60
Q

Sulfure dioxide

A

man-made source, comes from industrial smelters, and coal burning plants

61
Q

Water Cycle

A

shows the continuous movement of water within the Earth and atmosphere. It is a complex system that includes many different processes. Liquid water evaporates into water vapor, condenses to form clouds, and precipitates back to earth in the form of rain and snow.

62
Q

Transpiration

A

process plants use to draw groundwater from roots up to their leaves

63
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

amount of H2O that enters atmosphere from transpiration and evaporation combined

64
Q

What is Precipitation

A

flows over earth’s surface into a body of water (runoff) or trickles through soil down into groundwater acquiers (infiltration)

65
Q

What is groundwater

A

Acquifers and surface water (lakes/rivers) are important freshwater reservoirs to humans and animals

66
Q

Evaporation

A

change from a liquid to a gas

67
Q

Condensation

A

changes from a gas to a liquid

68
Q

Melting

A

changes from a solid to a liquid

69
Q

Freezing

A

changes from a liquid to a solid

APES (7 decks)

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