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APES > APES Unit 3: Animals > Flashcards

APES Unit 3: Animals Flashcards

1
Q

Density Independent (DI)

A

affects a population regardless of it’s density

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2
Q

density independent factors

A

human activity, natural disasters, temperature, sunlight, physical charcatersitics

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3
Q

Density Dependent (DD)

A

only affects a population once it reaches a certain size

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4
Q

density Dependent factors

A

stress, behavior, predation, parasitism, competition

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5
Q

primary productivity

A

rate that solar energy is converted into organic compounds via photosynthesis over a unit of time

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6
Q

NPP Equation

A

NPP=GPP-RL

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7
Q

Net Primary Productivity (NPP)

A

amount of energy (biomass) leftover for consumers after plants have used some for respiration

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8
Q

Respiration Loss (RL)

A

plants use some of the energy they generate via photosynthesis by doing cell respiration

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9
Q

Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)

A

the total amount of sun energy (light) that plants capture and convert to energy (glucose) through photosynthesis

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10
Q

Ecological Efficiency

A

the portion of incoming solar energy that is captured by plants and converted into biomass (NPP or food available for consumers)

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11
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy can’t be created or destroyed, it just changes form

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12
Q

Second law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy transfers from useful to less useful forms. It cannot be recycled or reused. As energy transfers, heat is lost. Energy is becoming less useful over time.

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13
Q

producers

A

plants produce - convert sun’s light energy into chemical energy (glucose)

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14
Q

primary consumers

A

animals that eat plants (herbivores)

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15
Q

secondary consumers

A

animals that eat primary consumers or herbivores (aka - carnivores and omnivores)

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16
Q

tertiary consumers

A

animals that eat secondary consumers or carnivores and omnivores (aka - top/apex predators)

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17
Q

Trophic Cascade

A

removal or addition of a top predator has a ripple effect down through lower trophic levels

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18
Q

Genetic Drift

A

change allele frequency in a population that are random unlike natural selection, and won by chance

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19
Q

Bottleneck Effect

A

natural disaster results in some surviving organisms - not better adapted - now they don’t represent the original population

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20
Q

founder effect

A

organisms that arrive to start a new population on an island - don’t necessarily represent the original population

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21
Q

Bottleneck Event

A

an environmental disturbance that drastically reduces population size and kills organisms regardless of their genome

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22
Q

Natural selection

A

driving force of evolutionary adaptations (mechanism)

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23
Q

Adaptations

A

physical or behavioral traits that make an organism better suited to its environment (characteristic)

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24
Q

specialist

A

species with a narrow ecological niche - can only survive in a specific environment

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25
Q

generalist

A

species with a broad ecological niche - able to live and eat in multiple environments

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26
Q

Ecological range of tolerance

A

range of conditions such as temperature, salinity, pH, or sunlight that an organism can endure before injury or death results

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27
Q

example of range of tolerance

A

salmon have a basic range of tolerance for temperature from 6 to 22 degrees, some individual salmon have adaptations that give them a range of tolerance that is outside the basic range for the species

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28
Q

optimal range

A

range where organisms survive, grow, and reproduce

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29
Q

zone of physiological stress

A

range where organisms survive, but experience some stress such as infertility, lack of growth, decreased activity

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30
Q

Zone of intolerance

A

range where the organism will die

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31
Q

example of zone of intolerance

A

thermal shock, suffocation, lack of food/water/oxygen

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32
Q

Counteracting behaviors

A

bats use echolocation/listen for returning signal

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33
Q

Defensive coloration

A

warning coloration - stinging insects

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34
Q

Chemical defenses/offenses

A

plants and animals manufacture a startling array of substances for use in defense

35
Q

example of of chemical defense

A

venom of rattlesnakes

36
Q

Mimicry

A

close resemblance of an animal or plant

37
Q

Morphological

A

external or internal structures, features, or characteristics of the animals

38
Q

Behavioral

A

responses of the animals to stimuli in their surrounding

39
Q

Physiological

A

biochemical and often internal, may lead to change in the structure, function and appearance of animals

40
Q

R-strategist (J curve)

A

a survival strategy of producing large numbers of offspring, a short life expectancy, and typically smaller body sizes

41
Q

K-strategist (S curve)

A

occupy more stable environments, they are larger in size and have longer life expectancies, they are stronger or are better protected and generally are more energy efficient, they produce, during their life spans, fewer progeny, but place a greater investment in each

42
Q

example of r-strategist

A

bacteria, diatoms, insects

43
Q

example of k-strategist

A

humans, apes, elephants, whales

44
Q

symbiosis

A

close and long-term interaction between two species in an ecosystem

45
Q

Resource Partitioning

A

different species using the same resource in different ways to reduce competition

46
Q

Interference

A

organisms interact directly by fighting for resources

47
Q

Exploitative

A

organisms consume scarce resources

48
Q

intraspecific

A

between individuals of the same species (can regulate population dynamics)

49
Q

interspecific

A

between different species (can alter the size of many species populations at the same time)

50
Q

predation

A

one species feeds on another – enhances fitness of predator but reduces fitness of prey

51
Q

parasitism

A

one species feeds on another – enhances fitness of parasite but reduces fitness of host - unlike carnivore usually does not result in the death of the host

52
Q

mutualism

A

two species provide resources or services to each other – enhances fitness of both species

53
Q

commensalism

A

one species receives a benefit from another species – enhances fitness of one species; no effect of fitness of the other species

54
Q

edge effect

A

changes in population or community structures that occur at the boundary of two or more habitats

55
Q

habitat fragmentation

A

when parts of a habitat are destroyed, leaving behind smaller unconnected areas (Deforestation, wetland draining)

56
Q

herbivore

A

animal that only eats plants

57
Q

carnivore

A

animal that eats meat

58
Q

omnivore

A

animal that eats plants and meat

59
Q

decomposer

A

an organism (as a bacterium or a fungus) that feeds on and breaks

60
Q

detrivore

A

animals which feed on dead remains of plants and animals

61
Q

limiting factor

A

anything that constrains a population’s size and slows or stops it from growing

62
Q

bioremediation

A

the use of microbes to clean up contaminated soil and groundwater

63
Q

mutation

A

a change in the DNA sequence of a cell that can alter the organism

64
Q

bioaccumulation

A

increase in the concentration of a chemical in a biological organism over time

65
Q

niche

A

the role an organism plays in a community

66
Q

indicator

A

animals that reflect the structure, composition, or functioning of an ecological system

67
Q

keystone species

A

an organism that helps define an entire ecosystem and without its keystone species, the ecosystem would be dramatically different or cease to exist altogether

68
Q

evolution

A

the change in characteristics of populations of organisms over time

69
Q

biosphere

A

the region on, above, and below the Earth’s surface where life exists

70
Q

population

A

a collecting of individuals from the same species

71
Q

community

A

the organisms that interact with one another in a similar location

72
Q

autotroph

A

an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals

72
Q

biomagnification

A

the increasing concentration of toxic substances as they move up through different trophic levels in a food chain

73
Q

heterotroph

A

an organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients

74
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A

two species cannot coexist in the same ecological niche for very long without one becoming extinct or being driven out because of competition for limited resources

75
Q

primary succession

A

the type of succession that occurs on bare rock or newly formed land where no soil exists

76
Q

secondary succession

A

the process of ecological succession that occurs in an area that has been previously disturbed or disrupted, but still retains its soil

77
Q

island biogeography

A

study of ecological relationships and community structure on islands

78
Q

carrying capacity

A

the maximum population size of a biological species that can be sustained by that specific environment, given the food, habitat, water, and other resources available

79
Q

biotic potential

A

The maximum reproductive rate of an organism, given unlimited resources and ideal environmental conditions

80
Q

POP

A

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are toxic chemicals that adversely affect human health and the environment around the world

81
Q

Green world hypothesis

A

proposes that predators are the primary regulators of ecosystems

82
Q

climax community

A

a stable and mature ecological community that has reached a final stage of ecological succession, where the species composition remains relatively unchanged over time

APES (7 decks)

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