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3 IIH > AP01 Anatomy of the Immune System > Flashcards

AP01 Anatomy of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 trunks is the thoracic duct joined by?

A

bronchomediastinal trunk

subclavian trunk

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2
Q

Where does GI lymph drain to?

A

cistern Chyli

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3
Q

How is the lymphatic system imaged?

A

lymphangiograms

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4
Q

Why might you see black bits in the bronchomediastinal nodes?

A

they drain the lungs, so may have some carbone particles in them

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5
Q

What type of tissue makes up the spleen?

A

20% white pulp

80% red pulp

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6
Q

What is cyclothorax?

A

rupture of the thoracic duct, leaking chyle into the pleural cavity

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7
Q

What is Virchow’s node?

A

a large left supraclavicular lymph node, whcih helps drain the lymph from the gut

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8
Q

How would you identify Virchow’s node?

A

Positive Troisier’s sign - if enlarged would suggest malignancy

located at the venous angle

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9
Q

How might a thoracic duct fistula be created?

A

accidentally during surgery, causing white pus to leak out

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10
Q

Where are blood cells generated and how long does it take?

A

bone marrow, 2 days

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11
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus and granules of neutrophils?

What proportion of the WBC’s do they comprise?

A

3-5 lobes of nucleus
granules are pale pink

40-60% of WBC’s

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12
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus and granules of eosinophils?

What proportion of the WBC’s do they comprise?

A

2 lobes
200 large granules
1-4%

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13
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus and granules of basophils?

What proportion of the WBC’s do they comprise?

A

2 lobes
contains histamine and not much trypase
0.5-1%

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14
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus and granules of Lymphocytes?

What proportion of the WBC’s do they comprise?

A

spherical
contain perforin and granzymes
20-40%

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15
Q

Monocytes

A

indented ‘C’
nongranulated cytoplasm
2-8%

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16
Q

How long do Neutrophils last, and what is their function?

A

5-135 hours

kill and phagocytose bacteria

17
Q

How long do Eosinophils last, and what is their function?

A

18 hours

non-phagocytic, fighting against parasitic infections

18
Q

How long do basophils last, and what is their function?

A

70 hours

they release lots of histamine - inflammation

19
Q

How long do Lymphocytes last, and what is their function?

A

7-30 days

T, B, and NK cells

20
Q

How long do monocytes last, and what is their function?

A

24 hours

phagocytosis
cytokine production
IL-12 amd IFN gamma are important for intracellular immunity

21
Q

Where are B lymphocytes generated?

A

trabecular spongy bone marrow

only in axial skeleton in adults

22
Q

What is the embryological formation of the thymus?

A

originateing from the ventral aspect of the third pouch
migrates inferiorly and medially, until is reaches its final location posterior to the sternum, where it joins is counterpart on the other side

it then pulls the inferior PT gland with it

23
Q

How does DiGeorge syndrome effect the thymus?

A

hypoplastic thymus, and hence infections are quite common

24
Q

What does Catch 22 tell us about DiGeorge syndrome?

A 
cardiac defects
abnormal face
thymic hypoplasia
cleft palate
hypocalcaemia
22q11.2 deletion
25
Q

Why are post-capillary venules of the thymus the likely site for migration of immunocompetent cells to the tissues?

A

high endothelial venules (HEV) are specialised post-capillary venous swellings

the cells anchor lymphocytes ot the cell wall by using their addressings to bind to L-selectins, preparing them to cross this endothelium

26
Q

Where are MALT tissues, why are they the site for infection?

A

they are the body’s interaction with the outside world!!!
they contain lots of T and B cells to combat this though

GI
thyroid
nasopharynx
breast
lung
salivary glands
eye
skin
27
Q

What is the difference between the lymphcytes int he splenic cortex and medulla?

A

cortex - immature

medulla - mature

28
Q

How big is the thymus gland, and how does it change over life?

A

it is largest when in infancy
12cm x 7cm
after puberty the thymus gradually gets replaced by adipose tissue

29
Q

What are the 4 types of leukaemia?

A

Acute lymphoblastic
acute myeloid
chronic lymphoblastic
chronic myeloid

30
Q

What is the blood-thymus barrier for?

What is it reinforced by?

A

regulates exchange between the circulatory system and the thymus, stopping antigens from attacking T cell precursors

type 1 epithelial reticular cells with tight junctions

31
Q

How can appendicitis be fatal?

A

it bursts

32
Q

Where does the splenic artery arise from?

A

coeliac trunk

33
Q

What happens to the splenic artery as it reaches the spleen?

A

it branches into 5 arteries which do not anastomose with each other

34
Q

What happens when pterygotympanic tonsils enlarge?

A

we have problems hearing and breathing out of our nose

35
Q

What happens when lingual tonsils enlarge?

A

dysphagia

36
Q

Where are bone marrow transplants taken from?

A

the iliac crest

37
Q

What causes splenomegaly?

A

haemolytic anaemia
cancers
cirrhosis

38
Q

How can you palpate splenomegaly?

A

supine patient, knees flexed, begin well below costal margin and feel with the right hand the spleen pushing against it

39
Q

What is the sentinel node?

A

the lymph node adjacent to cancer formations

it is hence the most likely location for secondary tumours

3 IIH (23 decks)

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