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3 IIH > 2.2 Nature and the Properties of Micro-Organisms > Flashcards

2.2 Nature and the Properties of Micro-Organisms Flashcards

1
Q

What is CJD?

A

Creutsfeldt Jakob disease
spongy encephalopathy
caused by a mutant protein with no DNA or RNA (prion)

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2
Q

What is the pathophysiology of CJD?

A

exponential chain reactiono of misfolding proteins, PrPc is converted into PrPsc

the proteins form amyloid deposits - degeneration of neural function

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3
Q

How bad is CJD?

A

fatal. always.

there is no treatment

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4
Q

What is BSE?

A

Bovine Spongy Encephalopathy, causing vCJD in humans who eat beef from cows with BSE

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5
Q

What is HSV and is it a DNA virus or RNA virus?

A

Herpes simplex virus

DNA virus

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6
Q

Is influenza a DNA virus or RNA virus?

A

RNA virus

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7
Q

What is the Baltimore scheme?

A

a way of goruping viruses based on their genome, and how it is replicated

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8
Q

Why is the Baltimore scheme useful?

A

is can predict behaviour of members of the same group

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9
Q

What is the structure of coronaviruses?

A

enveloped, positive sensitive, RNA-viruses

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10
Q

What is the broad viral life cycle?

A

attachment to host cell
entry of host cell
loss of envelope / release of viral nucleic acid
replication of genome and protein production
assembly of new virion
release from cell

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11
Q

Name 6 potential viral effects on host cellls

A 
degeneration (cytopathic effect)
cell lysis
cell fusion
cell proliferation
transformation
latent infection
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12
Q

What does cell fusion form?

A

a syncytia

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13
Q

What is CMV and how does it appear down a microscope?

A

Cytomegalovirus - hepatitis

owl’s eye appearance

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14
Q

What is VZV and what principle does it demonstrate?

A

Varicella Zoster Virus
Causes Chikenpox and perhaps shingles through reactivation of latent infection
suppresses cell mediated immunity

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15
Q

What kind of viruses are Ebola?

A

filoviruses

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16
Q

What is the main thing that ebola causes?

A

haemorrhagic fever

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17
Q

What cells does Ebola attack?

A

endothelial cells
mononuclear phagocytes
hepatocytes

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18
Q

What is ebola characterised by?

A

blood in vomit and stool, multi organ dysfunction and death

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19
Q

What technique was used to isolate ebola in the population?

A

ring vaccination

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20
Q

What does Zika virus cause?

A

microcephaly in neonates

Guillain Barre syndrome, paralysis and death

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21
Q

How are people infected with Zika?

A

Aedes mosquito and body fluids (STI)

22
Q

For who is zika virus a problem?

A

pregnant women

23
Q

What are obligate microbes?

A

always pathogenic

24
Q

What are opportunistic microbes?

A

have the potential to be pathogenic

25
Q

What are commensals?

A

microbes which are never athogenic to humans

26
Q

Name one obligate pathogen

A

Salmonella Typhi

27
Q

Name 2 types of opportunistic pathogens

A

Pseudomonas

Anaerobes - bacteroids fragilis

28
Q

What are the 7 types of cocci?

A 
coccus
diploccoci
diploccoci (encapsulated)
staphylococci
streptococci
sarcina
tetrad
29
Q

What are the 5 types of bacilli?

A 
bacillus
diplobacilli
coccobacillus
streptobacilli
palisades
30
Q

What is the cell membrane structure of gram positive bacteria?

A

single cell membrane

thick layer of overlying peptidoglycan

31
Q

What is the cell membrane structure of gram negative bacteria?

A

2 cell membranes

thin layer of peptidoglycan in between

32
Q

What colours do gram positive and gram negative bacteria stain?

A

+ purple

- pink

33
Q

Is S. aureus gram positive or negative?

A

+

34
Q

Is Neisseria Gonorrhoeae gram negative or positive?

A

-

35
Q

What is the disease pathology based on?

A

bacterial activity

host activity

36
Q

How does Lysteria navigate the body?

A

invades epithelial walls, accumulates actin making a mechanism to shoot the bacteria between cells

37
Q

What bacterial products cause disease and how?

A

host damage - toxins

immunogenic and result in direct damage - LPS, Flagella

38
Q

What is LPS?

When is it released?

A

Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin)
on gram negatives
firmly bound on to cell (by Lipid A) and only released on lysis

39
Q

What is peptidoglycan and what is its’ function?

A

offers structure and shape

40
Q

What drugs target peptidoglycan synthesis?

A

penicillins
cephalosporins
vanomycin

41
Q

What is Lipoteichoic acid and what are its’ functions?

A

only on Gram positives

causes septic shock

42
Q

What comprises the majority of LPS?

A

O - antigen

43
Q

What is considered the most toxic part of LPS?

A

lipid A

44
Q

What are the functions of flagella?

A

movement (chemotaxis)

immunogenicy - stimulate inflammation

45
Q

What are Pili?

A

short and thinner than flagella, they help bacteria stick to wherever they need to

46
Q

What is the role of sex Pili?

A

conjugation - transfer of plasmid DNA

47
Q

What toxins are associated with Clostridium Tetani?

A

Active immunity - toxoid

passive immunity - antitoxin

48
Q

What is used in botox?

A

clostridium botulinum

49
Q

What problem do we face when treating fungal infections?

A

they are eukaryotic and very similar to human cells!

50
Q

What are fungal cell walls made of?

A

Chitin

51
Q

What fungi is responsible for thrush?

A

canadida albicans

52
Q

What do fungi tubes form?

A

converge to form mycelium

3 IIH (23 decks)

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