4 Anatomy of the Immune System

Question 1

What are MALTs?

Answer 1

mucosa associated lymphatic tissues

Question 2

When is the thymus at its’ largest?

Answer 2

infancy

Question 3

What 3 hormones does the thymus produce?

Answer 3

Thymosin
Thymopoietin
Thymic Humoral Factors

Question 4

What does Thymosin do?

Answer 4

stimulates T cell development

Question 5

What does thymopoietin do?

Answer 5

enhanced T cell function

rate of skin development

Question 6

What does Thymic Humoral Factor do?

Answer 6

increases immune responses to viruses

Question 7

What are the functions of Lymph tissue? (5)

Answer 7

returns plasma proteins that have leaked into interstitial space
transports cellular debris
immunity
absorbs / transports fats from the digestive system
fluid balance

Question 8

Why is lymph acidic?

Answer 8

it’s not, it’s usually alkaline

Question 9

How is lymph formed?

Answer 9

from 10% pf the blood plasma that is has left circulatory capillaries

the other 90% just returns back to the venous drainage

Question 10

What is chyle?

Answer 10

lymph produced by the small intestines

Question 11

What is lymph comprised of?

Answer 11

96% water

4% solutes (proteins, lipids, carbs, electrolyes…)

Question 12

How much lymph does the body produce, and at what rate does lymph flow?

Answer 12

3-4L of lymph per day

120 ml/hour

Question 13

What proportion of lymph flows through the thoracic and right lymphatic ducts?

Answer 13

100ml through thoracic duct

20ml through right lymphatic duct

Question 14

How many lymph nodes are in the body, and where are most of them distributed?

Answer 14

400-450

2/3 in the abdomen

Question 15

How does lymph enter and exit lymph nodes?

Answer 15

enters through afferent channels, and leaves through efferent channels

Question 16

What is the structure of the lymph node?

Answer 16

kinds comparable to the kidney, except filtrate comes in through cortex, and levels via hlium

the cortex has follicles each with their own germinal centres

Question 17

What is teh hypothesis of the sentinel lymph node?

Answer 17

it is the first lymph node or group of lymph nodes which drain a cancer
usually the first locations for metastasis

Question 18

WHat are the different lymph draining systems?

Answer 18

superficial

deep

Question 19

What does the superficial lymph drain?

Answer 19

skin and venous drainage

Question 20

Where do you usually find deep lymph structures?

Answer 20

accompanying arteries

Question 21

What are the 2 lymphatic ducts, and where do they enter the venous system?

Answer 21

right lymphatic duct (via right venous angle, where the right internal jugular and right subclavian meet)

thoracic duct (left venous angle, where the internal jugular meets the subclavian)

Question 22

What does the right lymphatic duct drain?

Answer 22

top right quarter of body really

Question 23

How does superficial lymph drain?

Answer 23

into deep cervical lymph nodes, often via regional lymph nodes

Question 24

How does deep lymph drain?

Answer 24

into terminal lymph nodes (often via regional lymph nodes)

Question 25

Where is the spleen?

Answer 25

posterior to the mid-axillary line

entirely surrounded by peritoneum

Question 26

How big is the spleen?

Answer 26

12cm by 7cm

Question 27

What are the 2 main layers of the spleen, and what are they made of?

Answer 27

cortex
trabeculae

smooth muscle

Question 28

What are the splenic arterioles surrounded by?

Answer 28

lymph nodes

Question 29

What is the function of the spleen?

Answer 29

collects waste from the blood, removing dead or dying red cells

Question 30

Where is the outer circle of tonsils?

Answer 30

around the lower margins of the head

Question 31

What is in the outer circle of tonsils?

Answer 31

retropharyngeal node
jugulodigastric node

jugular chain of nodes
submandibular nodes
submental nodes

Question 32

What is in the inner tonsil ring?

Answer 32

waldeyer’s ring

pharyngeal tonsil
lateral bands of lymphoid tissue
palatine tonsils
lingual tonsils