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3 IIH > 2.3 Bacterial growth, nutrition, and identification > Flashcards

2.3 Bacterial growth, nutrition, and identification Flashcards

1
Q

Name 7 ways of identifying bacteria

A 
microscopic morphology
cultural characteristics
biochemical reactions
antigenic properties
typing
antibiotic susceptibility
whole genome sequencing
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2
Q

What is the 4 stage process of gram staining?

A

add crystal violet (purple dye)
add iodine
alcohol wash
add safranin (counterstain)

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3
Q

What is the problem with gram staining?

A

a lot of bacteria still look the same

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4
Q

What shape is staphylococcus?

A

a bunch of grapes

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5
Q

What feature do clostridium spp have?

Is it gram positive or negative?

A

spores (dark bits inside rods), allowing it to replicate even after it dies
gram positive

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6
Q

What does Shigella do?

Is it gram positive or negative?

A

causes dysentry in humans if it gets into your but

gram negative

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7
Q

What causes Tb?

A

M. tuberculosis

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8
Q

What causes Leprosy?

A

M. Leprae

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9
Q

What problems do we have seeing Tb?

A

it uses quite a comlex stainng procedure, and it’s hard to see
It is an acid-fast bacilli as staining is not removed by treating with alcohol

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10
Q

What is Nereal disease

A

an STI in other words

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11
Q

What is weird about the structure of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

A

lacks peptidoglycan, so is resistant to penicillins

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12
Q

What does Chlamydia trachomatis cause?

A

eye infections

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13
Q

What is odd about Chlamydiae?

A

it needs the host to produce ATP

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14
Q

How do we get a pure culture?

A

take a clinical sample, streak it onto a plate, and pick off individual colonies

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15
Q

How would you assess molecular or genetic characteristics in the past?

A

DNA cutting to see what type of DNA and what restriction sites it has

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16
Q

Now tell me, what is the most prevalent method of identifying stuff today?

A

whole genome sequencing

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17
Q

What composes bacterial dry weight?

A

macromolecules linked by anhydride bonds

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18
Q

What does the synthesis of anhydride bonds require?

A

ATP hydrolysis

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19
Q

What are the sources of energy for medically relevant bacteria?

2x biological processes

A

fermentation

respiration

20
Q

Where do bacteria get their carbon?

A

CO2 (with in inorganic substrate intermmediate acting as a reductant (hydrogen or thiosulphate)
organic carbon

21
Q

What are chemolithotrophs?

A

bacteria that gain their carbon from CO2

22
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

bacteria that get their carbon from organic forms

23
Q

Where do medically relevant bacteria get their nitrogen from?

A

nitrate and nitrite (convert it to ammonia)

24
Q

Why might bacteria need sulphur?

A

part of some co-enzymes, and used in cystein and methionine amino acids

25
Q

Where do bacteria get phosphor?

A

inorganic phosphate

26
Q

Where do bacteria get their iron?

A

produce siderophores which chelate iron

27
Q

how do obligate anaerobes react to oxygen?

A

it is toxic to them, it forms hydrogen perxoide

28
Q

What do aerobes and aero-tolerant anaerobes posses to survive aerobic environments?

A

superoxide dismutase

catalase

29
Q

What is Agar?

A

a poysaccharide from seaweed

30
Q

What do we look for when assessing bacterial colonies?

A 
shape and size
margin
elevation
colour
texture
31
Q

What are the 2 types of growth media?

A

differential

selective

32
Q

Name an example of differential agar

A

blood agar (to indicate bacteria that lyse blood like streptococcus)

33
Q

Name 2 examples of selctive agar

A

Mannitol salts agar

MacConkey agar

34
Q

How does Mannitol agar work?

A

bacteria that ferment mannitol are yelow

35
Q

How does MacConkey agar work?

A

bacteria that ferment lactose are pink

36
Q

What are the types of haemolysis?

A

alpha - doesn’t lyse, but changes structure of haemoglobin and other stuff

beta - actually kills the cell wooooo

37
Q

What is Optochin used for?

A

an antibiotic specific to strep pneumo

it is only used for diagnostics, not treatment

38
Q

what is Bacitracin used for?

A

an antibiotic used for diagnosing streptococcus pyogenes

39
Q

What is phage typing?

A

some strains of organism will be sensitive to the phage on the plate. viruses that infect the bacteria will cause clear areas

40
Q

What are the types of typing?

A

phenotypic tests

molecular tests

41
Q

how does Multilocular sequencing work?

A

you take 7 enzymes from the genome, and sequence them, you can then see polymorphism of them and hence see where the organism fits in to the overall tree of the population biology

42
Q

What is mulitlocular sequencing important for?

A

outbreak tracking

43
Q

What was the first bacteria to undergo whole genome sequencing?

A

H. influenzae

44
Q

What are the 3 factors contributing to homeostasis?

A

commensals
symbionts
pathobionts

45
Q

What are the properties of Agar?

A

resistant to antibiotic action
dissolves on boiling
sets in a gel unless lower than 45 degrees C

3 IIH (23 decks)

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