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3 IIH > 1.2 Haematopoiesis > Flashcards

1.2 Haematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 divisions of white blood cells?

A

Myeloid - innate immunity

Lymphoid - active immunity

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2
Q

What types of myeloid white blood cells are there?

A

Monocytes

Granulocytes

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3
Q

What are the types of granulocytes?

A

neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils

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4
Q

What is the migratory pathway of monocytes?

A

migrate from the blood into the tissues to become macrophage

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5
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A 
phagocytosis
cytokine production (IL-12, IFN gamma, significant for intracellular immmunity)
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6
Q

What are the general functions of granulocytes?

A

more for killing in innate immunity

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7
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

phagocytose bacteria

granules contain stuff to kill things (lysozyme, myeloperoxidase)

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8
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

non - phagocytic

parasitic infections

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9
Q

Where do T cells develop?

A

they are early progenitors in the bone marrow, but then develop in the thymus

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10
Q

Where do B cells develop?

A

develop and mature in the bone marrow, they then exit as naive cells, and then further differentiate in the lymph nodes on exposure to antigen

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11
Q

What might low platelet levels lead to?

A

bruising

haemorrhage

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12
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

antigen presenting cells in tissues

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13
Q

Where are mast cells produced?

A

in the bone marrow, but they mature in the tissues

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14
Q

Why are mast cells not measured in a full blood count?

A

they are predominantly found in the tissues, so aren’t really found in circulating blood

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15
Q

How long do Red cells last?

A

120 days

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16
Q

How long do platelets last?

A

<48 hours

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17
Q

How long do neutrophils last?

A

8-12 days

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18
Q

How long do lymphocytes last?

A

for life potentially

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19
Q

Why is it important to know the cell lifespan?

A

It’s important to know how long an infusion might last

We don’t want toxic neutrophils living for a long time, as they might damage tissues

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20
Q

When does haematopoiesis start?

What 2 types of chemicals is it regulated by?

A

17 days after fertilisation

growth factors and cytokines

21
Q

What is the site of haematopoiesis for the foetus?

A

yolk sack moving to the foetal liver

22
Q

What is the site of haematopoiesis for infants?

A

bone marrow (in pretty much all bones)

23
Q

What is the site of haematopoiesis for adults?

A

bone marrow of the axial skeleton

24
Q

What happens to pronormoblasts during erythropoiesis?

A

they get smaller and their nucleus gets smaller, allowing red blood cells to fit through tiny gaps!

25
Q

How can reticulocytes make haemoglobin without a nucleus?

A

they still have RNA

26
Q

What might you see in the blood in response to a bleed?

A

reticulocytes, RBC progenitors which the bone marrow releases as well as mature RBC’s

27
Q

how might those with chronic renal failure be anaemic?

A

they cannot respond to changes in O2 delivery

therefore they can’t release EPO to stimulate further RBC release from bone marrow

28
Q

From where do platelets arise?

A

The cytoplasm of megakaryocytes in bone marrow

each megakaryocyte releases 2000-3000 platelets

29
Q

What regulates platelet production and where is it produced?

A

TPO - thrombopoietin, it is produced in the liver

30
Q

How does TPO interact with its’ target cells, and what are these target cells?

A

receptor (cMpl)

megakaryoblasts
megakaryocytes
platelets

31
Q

What causes Acute Myeloblastic Leukaemia (AML)?

A 
maturation arrest (blocks in haematopoiesis)
uncontrollable multiplication
32
Q

What problems are caused by blocks in B cell development?

A

immunodeficiency

patients will have no observable B cells

33
Q

What causes Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML)?

A

no maturation arrest (hence over production of mature cells)

no negative feedback on haematopoiesis

34
Q

name 4 early acting growth factors

A

Stem Cell factor
Tlt3 ligand
IL-3
TPO

35
Q

Name 4 late acting growth factors

A

G-CSF
GM-CSF
EPO
TPO

36
Q

When might someone be given Epo?

A

when they’re anaemic

37
Q

When might someone be given Tpo?

A

low platelets

38
Q

When might someone be given G-CSF?

A

when they have low neutrophils

39
Q

how long would an erythrocyte transfusion last?

A

1 month

40
Q

how long would a platelet transfusion last?

A

a few days

41
Q

How long would haematopoietic stem cells last?

A

a lifetime

42
Q

Who will most commonly be given recombinant erythropoietin?

A

end stage renal disease patietns

43
Q

Name 3 less common uses of recombinant erythropoietin

A

myelodysplasia
pre-autologous blood donation
jehovah’s witness (blood loss)

44
Q

In which 2 cases might someone be given G-CSF?

A

immune defence of neutropenic patients

to mobilise stem cells into peripheral blood for harvest (trasplants)

45
Q

What might make a patient neutropenic?

A

chemotherapy

congenital neutropenia

46
Q

What might reduce someone’s platelets?

A

immune thrombocytic pupura
post chemo
myelodysplasia (causes thrombocytopenia)

47
Q

name an injectable form of TPO

A

AMG 531 (Amgen)

48
Q

Name an oral form of Tpo

A

Eltrombopag (GlaxoSKB)

49
Q

Why might cell count be low?

A

little production (aplastic anaemia worst case)

being destroyed (immune thrombocytopenia)

3 IIH (23 decks)

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