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3 IIH > 10.3 Vaccination > Flashcards

10.3 Vaccination Flashcards

1
Q

At which phase of infection does a vaccine work?

A

between the inductionof an immune resopnse and the adaptive immune response

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2
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

via a high affinity calss-switched antibody

we need an antibody that targets epitopes or proteins that are protective

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3
Q

How many cells are invovled in primary and secondary immunity?

A

way more in primary

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4
Q

What types of antibodies are produced in primary and secondary immunity?

A

primary - IgM > IgG

secondary - IgG, IgA

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5
Q

What is antibody affinity like in primarya nd secondary immunity?

A

primary - low

secondary - high

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6
Q

In a serum test, what would high IgM suggest?

A

concurrent infection

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7
Q

In a serum test, what would high IgG suggest?

A

have been previously exposed and protective antibodies

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8
Q

What are the features of an ideal vaccine?

A 
safe
protective
sustained protection
induce neutralising antibody
practical
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9
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

donating immunity

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10
Q

What is active immunity?

A

inducing immunity

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11
Q

What are the cons of passive prophylaxis?

A

short lasting

Half life IgG 14-21 days

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12
Q

What are the 2 types of active vaccination?

A

whole-micro-organism

Subunit of micro-organism

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13
Q

What are the types of whole-microorganism vaccination?

A

live attenuated

dead

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14
Q

What are the types of subbunit of micro-organism vaccination?

A

inactivated toxin
recombinant proteins
polysaccharide
conjugate vaccines

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15
Q

What are encapsulated bacteral infections characterised by?

A

major cause of infection in those under 2 years

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16
Q

Name 3 encapsulated bacteria often infecting infants

A

pneumococcus
meningococcus
haemophilius Influenza b

17
Q

What are the features of the bacterial capsule?

A

outer capsule is made of polysacchrade
hides surface molecules from immune system
poorly immunogenic

18
Q

What problems are associated with immune responses to T independent antigens?

A

lack of T cell help

poor resopnse in children under 2 years

19
Q

How does a conjugate vaccine work?

A

vaccine internalised by antigen presenting cell
APC presents both peptides to CD4+ Thc
T cell recgonises + responds
then helps educate B cell to produce antibody
T independent antigen now effectively a T dependent antigen

20
Q

Name 3 conjugate vaccines

A

Men ACWY
Hib vaccine
Prevenar 13-valent

21
Q

What problem do adjuvants overocme?

A

some proteins can also be poorly immunogenic

22
Q

What are adjuvants?

A

substances enhancing immunogenicity of substrates mixed with it

23
Q

What are the 3 MOA of adjuvants?

A

convert soluble antigens to particulate material

include bacteria or bacterial products

Toll receptor agonists as adjuvants

24
Q

Why is converting soluble antigens to particulate material by adjuvants helpful?

A

enhances uptake by APCs

provides a depot of slow release of antigen

25
Q

Why is including bacteria or bacterial products in Adjuvants helpful?

A

enhanced immunogenicity

leads to up-regulation of co-receptors and production of inflammatory cytokines, increasing danger signals

26
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

enough of a population is vaccinated against an infectious organism

27
Q

What factors affect herd immunity>

A 
coverage rates
susceptibility of hosts
vaccine effectiveness
force of transmission
crowing
nasopharyngeal carriage
28
Q

why might you want to avoid a flu vaccine if you have an egg allergy?

A

they’re developed in eggs so may contain ovalbumin

29
Q

Who are at risk when we use live vaccines?

A

immunosuppressed patients

30
Q

What cancers can HPV cause?

A

carvical, genital, oesophageal, and oral cancers

31
Q

What cancers can EBV cause?

A

B cell lymphoma, nasopharyngeal cancer

32
Q

What cancers can HBV and HCV cause?

A

hepatic cancer

33
Q

What cancer can HHV8 cause?

A

Kaposi’s Sarcoma

34
Q

What cancer can Human T lymphotropic Virus 1 cause?

A

adult T cell lymphoma

leukaemia

35
Q

What viral - induced cancer can we prevent with vaccine?

A

HPV - cervical cancer

3 IIH (23 decks)

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