AP world unit 6 Flashcards
Total art work - A concept by Richard Wagner where all art forms (music, drama, visual arts) are integrated into one unified artistic experience, creating an immersive, total performance.
Gesamtkunstwerk
A philosophical work by Friedrich Nietzsche, exploring ideas like the ‘Übermensch’ (Superman) and ‘will to power.’
Also Sprach Zarathustra
A German composer who revolutionized music, known for his symphonies and ‘Turkish March,’ despite losing his hearing in later life.
Beethoven
A German composer noted for his operas and his concept of Gesamtkunstwerk, or ‘total art work,’ where all aspects of a production—music, design, and story—are unified.
Richard Wagner
An Italian composer whose operas, such as ‘Aida’ and ‘La Traviata,’ became symbols of Italian nationalism during the 19th century.
Giuseppe Verdi
A Czech composer famous for his symphonic poem ‘Die Moldau,’ which represents the Czech landscape and national identity.
Smetana
The representative body in pre-revolutionary France, consisting of clergy, nobility, and commoners, which hadn’t met in over 150 years until summoned by Louis XVI in 1789.
Estates-General
A body formed by the Third Estate (commoners) during the French Revolution to represent the people and challenge the authority of the king and nobility.
National Assembly
A pivotal event in 1789 during the French Revolution, where members of the National Assembly vowed not to separate until a new constitution was established.
Tennis Court Oath
A foundational document of the French Revolution, asserting individual rights and the principles of liberty and equality.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
A period during the French Revolution (1793-1794) marked by mass executions of perceived enemies of the revolution, largely led by Robespierre and the Jacobins.
Reign of Terror
A radical revolutionary group during the French Revolution, known for their extreme measures, including the Reign of Terror.
Jacobins
A device used for executions during the French Revolution, symbolizing the period’s brutality and revolutionary ideals.
guillotine
The government of France from 1795 to 1799, following the fall of Robespierre, characterized by instability and corruption.
Directory
A fortress and prison in Paris, symbolizing royal tyranny, whose storming on July 14, 1789, marked the beginning of the French Revolution.
Bastille
Had lasting impact, particularly his establishment of a centralized French state, his spread of nationalism, and his wars across Europe.
Napoleon
A conservative European political framework established after Napoleon’s defeat, focused on maintaining order, preventing revolution, and restoring monarchies.
Metternich System
A famous Dutch painter known for his skillful use of light and shadow, particularly in portraiture and his painting of eyes, which convey deep emotion.
Rembrandt
A Flemish Baroque artist famous for dynamic compositions, rich color, and his distinctive portraits where figures often engage directly with the viewer.
Peter Paul Rubens
A Dutch painter known for his masterful use of light and color, especially in domestic interior scenes, such as ‘Girl with a Pearl Earring.’
Vermeer
A post-impressionist Dutch artist known for bold colors and expressive brushwork, famous for paintings like ‘Starry Night.’
Vincent van Gogh
A Jewish philosopher from the Netherlands known for his advocacy of rationalism and challenging traditional religious doctrines; excommunicated by the Jewish community.
Baruch Spinoza
A Jewish girl who documented her life in hiding during the Nazi occupation of Amsterdam in World War II; her diary became a symbol of the Jewish experience during the Holocaust.
Anne Frank
A historically significant area where Jews had a large, wealthy community in Amsterdam, contributing significantly to trade, scholarship, and the arts.
Amsterdam Jewish Quarter
A revolt from 1568 to 1648 in which the Dutch provinces fought to gain independence from Spanish rule.
80 Years’ War
A city in the Netherlands that houses the International Court of Justice, overseeing disputes between nations and human rights issues.
The Hague
A period in the 17th century when the Netherlands achieved great cultural, economic, and artistic achievements, marked by flourishing art, trade, and innovation.
Dutch Golden Age
What is the period of relative peace in Europe from 1815 to 1914 called?
Pax Britannica
What economic system features privately owned means of production operated for profit?
Capitalism
What economic theory advocates for minimal government intervention in business?
Laissez-Faire Economics
Who are the economic theorists from the 18th century that believed land is the primary source of wealth?
Physiocrats
What is a market structure called where a single entity controls production and pricing?
Monopoly
What term describes the use of business and trade to exert political control over foreign territories?
Commercial Imperialism
What expansion laid the foundation for modern capitalism and global markets during the 16th to 18th centuries?
Commercial Revolution
A form of socialism based on the scientific analysis of economic and social conditions, most famously advocated by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Advocated for a classless society and all property publicly owned.
Scientific Socialism/Marxism
Who is known for founding the philosophy of utilitarianism?
Jeremy Bentham
What economic system involves state or worker ownership of production aimed at benefiting the community?
Socialism
What belief seeks to create a perfect, equal, and fair society through cooperative communities?
Utopian Socialism
The theory that suggests wages will gravitate toward a level sufficient to sustain basic needs is called…
Low wages→less kids→shortage of workers→high wages
High wages→more kids→surplus workers→low wages
Iron Law of Wages
What large glass and iron structure was built in London for the 1851 Great Exhibition?
Crystal Palace
What political philosophy advocates for the abolition of all hierarchical authority?
Anarchism
What is the proposed model community suggested by Charles Fourier where people share profits and talents?
Phalanstery
Who was the American industrialist that founded the Standard Oil Company?
John D. Rockefeller
