AP World chapter 20 Flashcards
The wealth landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule
Ayan
Sultan who ruled Ottoman empire from 1789 to 1807; aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building a new army and navy; toppled by Janissaries in 1807
Selim 3
Ottoman sultan, built a private, professional army, fomented revolution of Janisarries and crushed them with private army, destroyed religious allies, initiated reform of Ottoman empire on western precedents
Mahmud 2
Series of reforms in Ottoman empire between 1839 amd 1876; established Western style university, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms, resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876
Tanzimat reforms
Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during reign from 1878-1908, nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties, deposed in coup in 1908
Abdul Hamid
Organization of political agitations in opposition to rule of Abdul hHamid, also called “Young Turks”, desired to restore 1876 constitution
Ottoman Society for Union and Progress
Head of the coalition of Mamluk rulers in Egypt, opposed Napoleonic invasion of Egypt and suffered devastating defeat; failure destroyed Mamluk government in Egypt and revealed vulnerability of Muslim core
Murad
Won power struggle of Egypt following fall of Mamluks; established mastery of all Egypt by 1811, introduced effective army based on Western tactics and supply and variety of other reforms, by 1830s was able to challenge Ottoman government in Constantinople; died in 1848
Muhammad Ali
Descendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1867; formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952
khedives
Built across Isthmus of Suez to connect Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea in 1869; financed by European investors; with increasing indebtedness of khedives, permitted intervention of British into Egyptian politics to protect their investment
Suez Canal
Muslim thinker at the end of the nineteenth century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology; recognized importance of tradition and rational inquiry -
Jamal al-Din al-Afghani
Disciple of al Afghani, muslim thinker at the end of the nineteenth century; stressed need for adoption of western scientific learning and technology
Muhammad Abduh
Egyptian military officer who led a revolt against Turkic dominance in the army in 1882, which forced the khedival regime to call in British forces for support
Ahmad Arabi
River town that was the administrative center of Egyptian authority in Sudan
Khartoum
Head of sudanic sufi brotherhood; claimed descent from prophet Muhammad; proclaimed both Egyptians and British to be infidels; launched revolt to purge Islam of impurities; took Khartoum in 1883; also known as the Mahdi
Muhammad Ahmad
In SUfi belief system, a promised deliverer, also name given to Muhammad Ahmand, leader of late nineteenth century revolt against Egyptian and British in the Sudan -
Mahdi
Confucian scholar and Manchu emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722; established high degree of Sinification among the Manchus
Kangxi
Wealthy group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty; specialized in the import-export trade on China’s south coast; one of the major links between China and the outside world
compradors
Fought between the British and Qing China beginning in 1839; fought to protect British trade in opium, resulted in resounding British victory, opening of Hong Kong as British port of trade
Opium war
Distinguished Chinese official charged with stamping out opium trade in Southern China; ordered blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscation of opium; sent into exile following the opium war
Lin Zexu
Broke out in South China in the 1850s and early 1860s, led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi christianized prophet; sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and confucian based of scholar gentry -
Taiping Rebellion
Leader of the Taiping Rebellion; converted to specifically Chinese form of Christianity, attacked traditional Confucian teachings of Chinese elite
Hong Xiuquan
One of the ablest scholar gentry official in the last half of the nineteenth century, advocated the introduction of western technologies and military reforms. Proved to be one of the staunchest defenders of the Qing dynasty
Zeng Guofan
Late nineteenth century movement in China to counter the challenge from the west; led to provincial leaders
self strengthening movement
Ultraconservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Wing dynasty, supported Boxer rebellion in 1898 as a means of driving out westerners
Cixi
Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China, failed because of intervention of armies of western power in CHina, defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officials
Boxer rebellion
Head of the revolutionary alliance, organization the led 1911 revolt against Qing dynasty in China; briefly elected president in 1911, but yielded in favor of Yuan Shikai in 1912; created nationalist part of China (Guomindang) in 1919
Sun Yat-Sen
Last emperor of China; deposed as emperor while still a small boy in 1912
puyi
