AP World Unit 11 Flashcards
Niccolo Machiavelli
Author of “The Prince” (16th century); emphasized realistic discussion of how to seize and maintain power; one of the most influential authors of the Italian Renaissance
Humanism
Focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of languages
Northern Renaissance
Cultural and intellectual movement of Northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance; centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany that featured greater emphasis on religion than the Italian Renaissance
Francis 1
King of France in the 16th century; regarded as Renaissance monarch; patron of the arts; imposed new controls on Catholic church;ally of the Ottoman sultan against Holy Roman emperor
Johannes Gutenberg
Introduced movable type to Western Europe in the 15th century; credited with greatly expanded availability of printed books and pamphlets
European-style family
Originated in the 15th century among peasants and artisans of Western Europe that featured later marriage age, emphasis on nuclear family, and a large minority who never married
Martin Luther
German monk; initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door of Wittenberg church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of church
Protestantism
General wave of religious dissent against Catholic church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther’s attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varieties of religious reforms
Anglican church
Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry’s death
Jean Calvin
French Protestant who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss Canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to Northern Europe and North America
Catholic Reformation
Restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation (16th century); established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs
Jesuits
A new religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work; sponsored missions to South America, North America, and Asia.
Edict of Nantes
Grant of tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598; granted only after length civil war between Catholic and Protestant factions
Thirty Years’ War
War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia
Treaty of Westphalia
Ended Thirty Years’ War in 1648; granted rights to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion - either Protestant or Catholic
English Civil War
Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy in 1660 follow execution of a previous king
Proletariat
Class of working people without access to wealth-production property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe, product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries
Witchcraft persecution
Reflected resentment against the poor, uncertainties about religious truth; resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans between 1590 and 1650; particularly common in Protestant areas
Scientific Revolution:
culminated in 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in specific beliefs and in wider European culture
Nicolaus Copernicus
Polish monk and astronomer; disproved Hellenistic belief that the earth was at the center of universe
Johannes Kepler
An astronomer and mathematician who was a prominent figure in the Scientific Revolution
Galileo Galilei
Published Copernicus’s findings; added his own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic church for his work
William Harvey
English physician who demonstrated circular movement of blood in animals, function of the heart as a pump
Francis Bacon
English philosopher, statesman, author, and scientist; an influential figure in the Scientific Revolution; best known for work on the scientific method
