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Psychology > AP psychology chapter 9 > Flashcards

AP psychology chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

The study of maturation

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2
Q

2 types of studies

A

Cross-sectional and longitudinal.

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3
Q

Cross-sectional studies

A

Uses participants of varying ages to study how certain variables change over a lifespan, lot’s of confounding variables.

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4
Q

Longitudinal

A

Examines a group of participants over a long period of time.

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5
Q

Teratogens

A

Chemical agents that cause harm to the fetus when ingested by the mother. Alcohol is the most common, causes FAS.

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6
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

Causes small and malformed skulls as well as intellectual disabilities. Caused by heavy drinking.

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7
Q

Fetal alcohol effect

A

Does not show all the symptoms of FAS, is caused by moderate drinking.

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8
Q

Rooting reflex

A

When touched on the cheek, the baby will turn their head and try to put the object in their mouth.

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9
Q

Moro reflex

A

When startled, the baby will fling out their limbs and quickly retract them.

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10
Q

Babinski reflex

A

When the bottom of the feet are stroked, the baby will spread their toes.

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11
Q

Sensory development of babies

A

Prefers face shaped objected, hearing developed before birth, born with basic taste preferences, basically blind.

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12
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A

Found that some infant animals imprint on things after birth.

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13
Q

Harry Harlow

A

Attachment research. Discovered touch is an important part of attachment (wire frame monkey mothers experiment).

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14
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

Attachment research. Placed babies in strange situations, discovered 3 types of attachments: Secure attachments, avoidant attachments, and anxious/ambivalent attachments.

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15
Q

Secure attachments

A

66%, the baby confidently explores while the parents are there and becomes distressed when they leave. They go to the parents when they come back.

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16
Q

Avoidant attachments

A

21%, Avoids parents and explores the new environment. Doesn’t go back to parents.

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17
Q

Anxious/ambivalent attachments

A

12%, really stressed when parents leave but doesn’t want to be comforted by them when they return.

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18
Q

Diana Baumrind

A

Divided parenting styles into authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative.

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19
Q

Continuity vs Discontinuity

A

A major controversy in developmental psych, asks if development is steady or discontinuous.

20
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

Believed in the zone of proximal development, which refers to the range of tasks a child can do independently at a certain age.

21
Q

Erik Erikson

A

Neo-Freudian, developed the psychosocial stage theory which centers on personality.

22
Q

Trust vs mistrust

A

Depends on if babies needs are met by caretaker, birth - 1 y old.

23
Q

Autonomy vs shame/doubt

A

Toddlers learn to control their body and emotions. 1- 3 y old.

24
Q

Initiative vs guilt

A

Lots of curiosity, asks a lot of questions, will feel comfortable or guilty depending on response to questions, age 3 - 6 y old.

25
Q

Industry vs inferiority

A

Develops inferiority complex (typically in school), 6 y old early teens.

26
Q

Identity vs role confusion

A

Late teens to 20s.

27
Q

Intimacy vs isolation

A

Young adults try to figure out a healthy balance in life. Age 20 - 40 y old.

28
Q

Generativity vs stagnation

A

Trying to seize control of life or letting it flow around them. Age 40 - 60.

29
Q

Integrity vs despair

A

60+ y old.

30
Q

Ages of psychosexual stage theory

A

Oral stage: 1.5 y old, anal stage: 1,5 - 3 y old, phallic stage: 3 - 6 y old, latency stage: 6 y old - puberty, genital stage: puberty and older.

31
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Worked for Alfred Binet, believed cognitive development goes schemata creation - assimilation - accommodation. His theory describes how thinking progresses. Critisized for having underestimated children.

32
Q

Schemata

A

Cognitive rules we use to interpret the world.

33
Q

Assimilation

A

When we incorporate new experiences into existing schemata.

34
Q

Piagets cognitive stage theory

A

Sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operations, formal operations.

35
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

Behavior is governed by innate reflexes, object permanence is developed, in which babies realize objects exist even when they aren’t visible. Birth - 2 y old.

36
Q

Preoperational stage

A

Children learn language, can refer to the world through symbols but can’t relate objects to their characteristics, are egocentric. Age 2 - 7.

37
Q

Concrete operations

A

Children learn to think logically about the relationship between objects and their characteristics. They understand the concepts of conservation. 7 - 12 y old.

38
Q

Concepts of conservation

A

Properties of objects remain the same even when the shape changes.

39
Q

Formal operations

A

Adult reasoning, which Piaget believed not everyone reaches in all areas of thought. Abstract reasoning is developed, aka making mental connections with no real-world correlations. Ages 12+.

40
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg

A

Studied the development of morality by asking children questions like the Heinz dilemma. 3 levels: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional.

41
Q

Preconventional

A

Reasoning is based only on themselves. Birth to 9 y old.

42
Q

Conventional

A

Moves past personal gain or loss and focuses on conventional standards. Ages 10 - early teens.

43
Q

Post conventional

A

Actual moral reasoning, examing rights and wrongs, creates self defined ethical principles which affect choice, morality of societal rules is examined rather than followed blindly. Late teens to adulthood.

44
Q

Carol Gilligan

A

Criticized Kohlberg for only using boys in his studies.

45
Q

Gender Schema Theory

A

Explains how we internalize messages about gender into our own rules about how genders should behave.

Psychology (12 decks)

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