AP psychology chapter 9

Question 1

Developmental Psychology

Answer 1

The study of maturation

Question 2

2 types of studies

Answer 2

Cross-sectional and longitudinal.

Question 3

Cross-sectional studies

Answer 3

Uses participants of varying ages to study how certain variables change over a lifespan, lot’s of confounding variables.

Question 4

Longitudinal

Answer 4

Examines a group of participants over a long period of time.

Question 5

Teratogens

Answer 5

Chemical agents that cause harm to the fetus when ingested by the mother. Alcohol is the most common, causes FAS.

Question 6

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Answer 6

Causes small and malformed skulls as well as intellectual disabilities. Caused by heavy drinking.

Question 7

Fetal alcohol effect

Answer 7

Does not show all the symptoms of FAS, is caused by moderate drinking.

Question 8

Rooting reflex

Answer 8

When touched on the cheek, the baby will turn their head and try to put the object in their mouth.

Question 9

Moro reflex

Answer 9

When startled, the baby will fling out their limbs and quickly retract them.

Question 10

Babinski reflex

Answer 10

When the bottom of the feet are stroked, the baby will spread their toes.

Question 11

Sensory development of babies

Answer 11

Prefers face shaped objected, hearing developed before birth, born with basic taste preferences, basically blind.

Question 12

Konrad Lorenz

Answer 12

Found that some infant animals imprint on things after birth.

Question 13

Harry Harlow

Answer 13

Attachment research. Discovered touch is an important part of attachment (wire frame monkey mothers experiment).

Question 14

Mary Ainsworth

Answer 14

Attachment research. Placed babies in strange situations, discovered 3 types of attachments: Secure attachments, avoidant attachments, and anxious/ambivalent attachments.

Question 15

Secure attachments

Answer 15

66%, the baby confidently explores while the parents are there and becomes distressed when they leave. They go to the parents when they come back.

Question 16

Avoidant attachments

Answer 16

21%, Avoids parents and explores the new environment. Doesn’t go back to parents.

Question 17

Anxious/ambivalent attachments

Answer 17

12%, really stressed when parents leave but doesn’t want to be comforted by them when they return.

Question 18

Diana Baumrind

Answer 18

Divided parenting styles into authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative.

Question 19

Continuity vs Discontinuity

Answer 19

A major controversy in developmental psych, asks if development is steady or discontinuous.

Question 20

Lev Vygotsky

Answer 20

Believed in the zone of proximal development, which refers to the range of tasks a child can do independently at a certain age.

Question 21

Erik Erikson

Answer 21

Neo-Freudian, developed the psychosocial stage theory which centers on personality.

Question 22

Trust vs mistrust

Answer 22

Depends on if babies needs are met by caretaker, birth - 1 y old.

Question 23

Autonomy vs shame/doubt

Answer 23

Toddlers learn to control their body and emotions. 1- 3 y old.

Question 24

Initiative vs guilt

Answer 24

Lots of curiosity, asks a lot of questions, will feel comfortable or guilty depending on response to questions, age 3 - 6 y old.

Question 25

Industry vs inferiority

Answer 25

Develops inferiority complex (typically in school), 6 y old early teens.

Question 26

Identity vs role confusion

Answer 26

Late teens to 20s.

Question 27

Intimacy vs isolation

Answer 27

Young adults try to figure out a healthy balance in life. Age 20 - 40 y old.

Question 28

Generativity vs stagnation

Answer 28

Trying to seize control of life or letting it flow around them. Age 40 - 60.

Question 29

Integrity vs despair

Answer 29

60+ y old.

Question 30

Ages of psychosexual stage theory

Answer 30

Oral stage: 1.5 y old, anal stage: 1,5 - 3 y old, phallic stage: 3 - 6 y old, latency stage: 6 y old - puberty, genital stage: puberty and older.

Question 31

Jean Piaget

Answer 31

Worked for Alfred Binet, believed cognitive development goes schemata creation - assimilation - accommodation. His theory describes how thinking progresses. Critisized for having underestimated children.

Question 32

Schemata

Answer 32

Cognitive rules we use to interpret the world.

Question 33

Assimilation

Answer 33

When we incorporate new experiences into existing schemata.

Question 34

Piagets cognitive stage theory

Answer 34

Sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operations, formal operations.

Question 35

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 35

Behavior is governed by innate reflexes, object permanence is developed, in which babies realize objects exist even when they aren't visible. Birth - 2 y old.

Question 36

Preoperational stage

Answer 36

Children learn language, can refer to the world through symbols but can't relate objects to their characteristics, are egocentric. Age 2 - 7.

Question 37

Concrete operations

Answer 37

Children learn to think logically about the relationship between objects and their characteristics. They understand the concepts of conservation. 7 - 12 y old.

Question 38

Concepts of conservation

Answer 38

Properties of objects remain the same even when the shape changes.

Question 39

Formal operations

Answer 39

Adult reasoning, which Piaget believed not everyone reaches in all areas of thought. Abstract reasoning is developed, aka making mental connections with no real-world correlations. Ages 12+.

Question 40

Lawrence Kohlberg

Answer 40

Studied the development of morality by asking children questions like the Heinz dilemma. 3 levels: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional.

Question 41

Preconventional

Answer 41

Reasoning is based only on themselves. Birth to 9 y old.

Question 42

Conventional

Answer 42

Moves past personal gain or loss and focuses on conventional standards. Ages 10 - early teens.

Question 43

Post conventional

Answer 43

Actual moral reasoning, examing rights and wrongs, creates self defined ethical principles which affect choice, morality of societal rules is examined rather than followed blindly. Late teens to adulthood.

Question 44

Carol Gilligan

Answer 44

Criticized Kohlberg for only using boys in his studies.

Question 45

Gender Schema Theory

Answer 45

Explains how we internalize messages about gender into our own rules about how genders should behave.