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Psychology > AP psychology chapter 14 > Flashcards

AP psychology chapter 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

Social cognition

A

Majorly influences attitude formation and attribution theories, people act like scientists when going through their daily life.

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2
Q

Attitude

A

A set of beliefs and feelings.

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3
Q

Mere exposure effect

A

People will like something more the more they are exposed to it.

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4
Q

Central route

A

Deeply processing/analyzing persuasive messages.

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5
Q

Peripheral route

A

Analyzing other aspects of a persuasive message besides the actual content, such as the speaker.

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6
Q

Richard LaPierre

A

Tested on attitude. Found that attitude does not always equate to behavior. In 1934, traveled to many hotels and restaurants with a Chinese couple. Were faced with minimal discrimination, although after contacting the places they visited, 90% said they wouldn’t serve Chinese people.

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7
Q

Cognitive dissonance theory

A

People are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors.

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8
Q

Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith

A

Tested cognitive dissonance. Participants performed a boring task, and were paid a dollar to lie and tell someone it was interesting. Another group was paid 20 dollars to lie about the task, the first group had more positive attitudes than the other group bc they had less motivation to lie than the other group, resulting in more dissonance and the changing of their attitudes to decrease dissonance.

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9
Q

Foot-in-the-door

A

Small request followed up by a larger one.

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10
Q

Door-in-the-face

A

Unreasonably large request followed up by a smaller one.

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11
Q

Norms of reciprocity

A

People feel obligated to return favors.

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12
Q

Attribution theory

A

Tries to explain how people determine the cause of what they observe.

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13
Q

Dispositional/person attribution

A

Attributing behavior to internal individual characteristics (dispositions) in a person.

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14
Q

Situation attribution

A

Attributing behavior to external/situational factors.

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15
Q

Situation-stable attribution

A

Attributing behavior to stable, unchanging external factors/situations.

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16
Q

Person-stable attribution

A

Attributing behavior to stable, unchanging characteristics in a person (someone was always something).

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17
Q

People-unstable attribution

A

Attributing behavior to temporary/indefinite internal factors/actions of a person.

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18
Q

Situation-unstable attribution

A

Attributing behavior to temporary/indefinite external factors/situations.

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19
Q

Harold Kelley

A

Proposed a theory that explains how attributes are made based on consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus.

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20
Q

Consistency

A

Is the occurrence usual or unusual? (used to determine stable or unstable attributions)

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21
Q

Distinctiveness

A

How similar is the situation compared to others?

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22
Q

Consensus

A

How have others in the same situation responded? (used to determine person or situation attribution).

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23
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

Expectations influence how others act.

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24
Q

Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson

A

1968 Pygmalion in the classroom experiment. Tested self-fulfilling prophecy.

25
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

The tendency to overestimate dispositional factors and underestimate situational factors. Cross-cultural psychologists argue that this error happens less in collective cultures than in individualistic cultures.

26
Q

Collective vs individualistic cultures

A

Cultures in which relationships/community is stressed vs cultures in which individuality is stressed.

27
Q

Self-serving bias

A

The tendency to take more credit for good outcomes rather than bad.

28
Q

False-consensus effect

A

A tendency for people to overestimate the amount of people who agree with them.

29
Q

Just-world bias

A

The belief that bad things happen to bad people.

30
Q

Ethnocentricism

A

The belief that one’s culture is superior to others, is a specific kind of prejudice.

31
Q

Discrimination

A

Acting on prejudice

32
Q

Prejudice

A

An attitude

33
Q

Stereotypes

A

Ideas/expectations we assume about things.

34
Q

Out-group homogeneity

A

The belief that members of the in-group are more diverse than members of out-groups.

35
Q

In-group bias

A

People believe they are good, so they think that other people in their group are also good.

36
Q

Contact theory

A

Suggesting that hostile groups will reduce animosity via contact between each other and by working towards a superordinate goal.

37
Q

Superordinate goal

A

A mutually beneficial goal that requires the participation of all involved.

38
Q

Muzafer Sherif

A

Tested superordinate goals. Conducted an experiment at a summer camp (1966 Robber Cave study) highlighting how easily out-group bias can be created and how easily superordinate goals can unite groups.

39
Q

Instrumental aggression

A

When the aggressive act is intended to achieve a particular act.

40
Q

Hostile aggression

A

No clear purpose, simple emotion.

41
Q

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

More frustration = more aggression

42
Q

Prosocial behavior

A

Makes people more likely to help each other.

43
Q

Bystander effect

A

The more bystanders there are, the less people will help.

44
Q

John Darley and Bibb Latane

A

Discovered the bystander effect.

45
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A

More people = less personal sense of responsibility.

46
Q

Pluralistic ignorance

A

People decide what to do in a situation by looking at others.

47
Q

3 factors contribute to Attraction

A

Similarity, proximity, reciprocal liking.

48
Q

Self-disclosure

A

In which relationships are built upon pieces of personal info we share and disclose with one another.

49
Q

Social facilitation

A

When a person performs certain tasks better in front of an audience.

50
Q

Social impairment

A

When a person performs worse when being observed, especially when the task is difficult.

51
Q

Conformity

A

The tendency to follow the views/actions of others.

52
Q

Solomon Asch

A

Tested conformity. His 1951 experiment had participants and a few confederates shown with simple perceptual judgments. The participants were the last to answer and were found to agree with the confederates 1/3 of the time despite obviously incorrect answers. 70% of participants conformed on at least 1 trial.

53
Q

Obedience

A

The willingness of a person to do what another asks them to do.

54
Q

Stanley Milgram

A

Conducted obedience studies. Participant = teacher, learner - confederate, teacher had to deliver shocks beginning from 5V to 450V. The teacher sat behind a panel of buttons and no actual shocks were delivered, but learners would pretend to be hurt. 60% of teachers went all the way to 450V.

55
Q

Social loafing

A

Not putting as much effort when acting as part of a group, can be because efforts are less recognized or because lazy.

56
Q

Group polarization

A

The tendency to make more extreme decisions in a group because responsibility is more diffused.

57
Q

Groupthink

A

Term coined by Irving Janis, the tendency for groups to make bad decisions as they repress their reservations and encourage a false unanimity.

58
Q

Deindividualization

A

When a person is swept up by a crowd and does things they would never do on their own.

59
Q

Philip Zimbardo

A

Tested deindividualization. Stanford students = either prisoners or guards.

Psychology (12 decks)

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