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Psychology > AP psychology chapter 11 > Flashcards

AP psychology chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality

A

The unique attitudes, behaviors, and emotions that characterize a person.

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2
Q

Type A personality

A

Susceptible to time pressure, easily angered, competitive and ambitious, more risk of heart disease.

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3
Q

Type B personality

A

Relaxed and easygoing.

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4
Q

Psychosexual stage theory

A

Freud believed that sexual urges are important to personality.

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5
Q

Anal stage

A

Sexual pleasure is found in the act of elimination.

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6
Q

Phallic stage

A

Sexual pleasure goes to the genitalia, girls evidence penis envy, and boys castration anxiety due to the realization of physical differences between genders.

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7
Q

Identification

A

When people attach themselves to the person or thing they feel threatened by (in this case, the boy’s father). Helps prevent boys from fearing their fathers and also break away from their attachment to their mothers.

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8
Q

Oral fixations

A

Underfed or overindulged children, may overeat, accessively chew gum, smoke, etc. as adults.

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9
Q

Anal fixations

A

Anal explusive (really disorganized) and anal retentive (too organized).

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10
Q

Libido

A

“Psychic energy, causes fixations when it gets stuck in a place.

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11
Q

Freudians 3 parts of a personality

A

Id, ego, and superego.

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12
Q

Id

A

Exists from birth. Follows the pleasure principle. Wants immediate gratification, exist only in the unconscious mind. The Id consists of instincts and libido. Babies are propelled only by Id. Has two types of instincts: Eros and Thanatos.

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13
Q

Eros

A

The life instincts, are associated with the desire for sex.

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14
Q

Thanatos

A

Death instinct, is associated with aggression.

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15
Q

Ego

A

Develops ages 2-3, follows the reality principle, negotiates between the pleasure-seeking desires of the Id and the limitations of the environment. Acts as a mediator between the id and superego. Operates in both the conscious and unconscious mind.

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16
Q

Superego

A

The last part to develop in children (age 5), operates in both the conscious and unconscious. Acts as a conscience/moral compass.

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17
Q

Defense mechanisms

A

Used by the ego to protect the conscious mind, some include: repression, denial, displacement, projection, reaction formation, regression, intellectualization, rationalization, and sublimation.

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18
Q

Criticism of Freud

A

Little scientific proof, little predictive power, overestimates the importance of sex and childhood life, criticized for being sexist.

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19
Q

Karen Horney and Nancy Chodorow

A

Feminists, criticized Freud’s theories as being based more on his sexist views rather than empirical evidence. Rebuked his theory of penis envy, believed if it exists so must womb envy for men, as well as his claim that men had bigger superegos than women.

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20
Q

Womb envy

A

Jealousy of a woman’s reproductive abilities.

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21
Q

Penis envy

A

In which young girls experience anxiety upon realizing they don’t have a penis.

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22
Q

Carl Jung

A

A Neo-Freudian, aka psychodynamic psychologist, split the unconsciousness into personal unconscious and collective unconscious.

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23
Q

Personal unconscious

A

Contains complexes.

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24
Q

Complexes

A

Repressed painful/threatening memories.

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25
Q

Collective unconscious

A

Passed down through the species and explains cultural similarities such as fear of the dark and the importance of circles. Contains archetypes.

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26
Q

Archetypes

A

Universal concepts we as a species share.

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27
Q

Shadow

A

Evil side of personality.

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28
Q

Persona

A

People’s creation of a public image.

29
Q

Alfred Adler

A

Called an ego psychologist because he focused on the ego. Believed people were motivated by two things: superiority and inferiority.

30
Q

Superiority

A

A desire to achieve.

31
Q

Inferiority

A

A fear of failure.

32
Q

Trait theorists

A

Trait theorists believe that personality can be described by the main traits of a person.

33
Q

Monothetic approach to traits

A

Believes that a basic set of traits can be used to describe the personality of everyone.

34
Q

Hans Eyesenck

A

Classified people on the introversion/extroversion scale and a stability scale.

35
Q

Raymond Cattell

A

Developed the 16 PF (personality factor) test to measure what he thought were 16 traits present in everyone to varying degrees.

36
Q

Paul Costa and Robert McCrae

A

Describes personality with the Big Five traits.

37
Q

The Big Five traits

A

Extroversion, openness (creativity, curiosity, and willingness to try new things), agreeableness, emotional stability (neuroticism), and conscientiousness (how hardworking, responsible, and organized someone is).

38
Q

Factor analysis

A

A statistical way researchers use for identifying clusters of items based on correlations (e,g tend to be answered the same way). Used in personality studies.

39
Q

Idiographic approach to traits

A

Believes that everyone must be classified with different and unique traits. Using the same set for everyone is impossible.

40
Q

Gordan Allport

A

Determined 3 types of personal traits: cardinal dispositions, Central dispositions, and Secondary dispositions.

41
Q

Cardinal dispositions

A

Traits that play a vital role in everything

42
Q

Central dispositions

A

Traits that largely influence personality.

43
Q

Secondary dispositions

A

Traits with small influence on personality.

44
Q

Criticism of trait theorists

A

Personality isn’t just influenced by traits, it’s influenced by context.

45
Q

Heritability

A

Measure of the amount of genetic variation in a trait in a population.

46
Q

Temperament

A

Emotional style and way of dealing with the world. Infants differ in temperament immediately at birth.

47
Q

Hippocrates

A

Was one of the first people to recognize that biological factors impact personality. Believed that personality was determined by the levels of 4 bodily fluids (humors): blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm. Excess in blood = cheerful.

48
Q

William Sheldon

A

Came up with the somatotype theory.

49
Q

Somatotype theory

A

Another early biological theory, linked personality traits with 3 body types: endomorphs (fat, is shy and secretive), ectomorphs (thin, is friendly and outgoing), and mesomorphs (muscular, is confident and assertive).

50
Q

Behaviorist theories

A

B.F. Skinner, nurture/environment = behavior = personality, criticized for failing to recognize the importance of cognition.

51
Q

Albert Bandura

A

A social cognitive theorist, believed personality was created by a combo of a person (traits), environment, and behavior. His social learning theory is based on the idea of triadic reciprocality (reciprocal determinism)and self-efficacy.

52
Q

Triadic reciprocality (reciprocal determinism)

A

3 factors that are intertwined and influence each other in a cycle.

53
Q

Self-efficacy

A

Optimism/expectations about one’s self-discipline, which will influence their behavior.

54
Q

George Kelly

A

Proposed the personal construct theory.

55
Q

Personal construct theory

A

Behaviorist theory. States that personality is determined by how a person interprets the world. People develop their own constructs to understand this world, typically existing in pairs of opposites. The theory is influenced by fundamental postulate.

56
Q

Fundamental postulate

A

Behaviorist theory. States that behavior is influenced by cognition and that we can predict a person’s future behavior based on their past.

57
Q

Julian Rotters

A

Locus of control.

58
Q

Internal locus of control

A

Feels a sense of personal responsibility over one’s fate, wants to control what happens.

59
Q

External locus of control

A

Believes in external forces, luck, fate, etc.

60
Q

Humanistic theories

A

Believes in free will, determining one’s own destiny, etc. Perspective is called third wheel.

61
Q

Self-concept

A

One’s concept about themselves, develops through involvement with others.

62
Q

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

A

Believed people are motivated to self-actualize. Rogers created self-theory.

63
Q

Self-theory

A

Humanistic theory. Despite being innately food, humans require unconditional positive regard to self-actualize.

64
Q

Projective tests

A

Psychoanalysts use projective tests, involving interpretation of ambiguous stimuli. Unreliable because its based on therapists interpretation.

65
Q

Rorschach inkblot test

A

Showing people inkblots and asking them to explain what they see. Also, considers the way people hold and turn the card.

66
Q

Thematic apperception test (TAT)

A

Pictures of people in ambiguous situations, and people are asked to identify what is happening.

67
Q

Self-report inventories

A

Asks people to provide info about themselves. Also called objective personality tests. Minimal interviewer bias, has potential for dishonest answers.

68
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)

A

Most common self-report inventory test.

69
Q

Barnum effect

A

A tendency for people to view themselves with vague, stock descriptions of personality.

Psychology (12 decks)

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