AP psychology chapter 6

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

Long-lasting changes in behavior resulting from experiences.

Question 2

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 2

Discovered classical conditioning.

Question 3

Classical conditioning

Answer 3

Learning to associate neutral stimuli with stimuli that produce reflexive/involuntary responses.

Question 4

Unconditioned stimuli

Answer 4

The original, reflexive stimulus.

Question 5

Unconditioned response

Answer 5

The involuntary response to the US.

Question 6

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 6

When the neutral stimulus becomes reflexive.

Question 7

Conditioned response

Answer 7

Response to conditioned stimulus.

Question 8

Pavlovian Paradigm

Answer 8

Food = US, which elicits salivating (UR), bell = neutral stimuli, becomes CS once it elicits salivation (CR).

Question 9

Acquisition

Answer 9

Once there is a response to the CS without presentation of the US.

Question 10

Delayed conditioning

Answer 10

In which the CS is presented before the US, but the US is introduced while the CS is still evident. Most effective.

Question 11

Trace conditioning

Answer 11

The presentation of the CS, followed by a short break, followed by the US.

Question 12

Simultaneous conditioning

Answer 12

CS and US are presented at the same time.

Question 13

Backward conditioning.

Answer 13

US is presented first followed by CS.

Question 14

Extinction.

Answer 14

Unlearning a behavior, when the CS no longer elicits a CR.

Question 15

Spontaneous recovery.

Answer 15

After extinction and no further training of animals has taken place, response briefly reappears upon presentation of CS.

Question 16

Generalization

Answer 16

Tendency to respond to similar CS’s.

Question 17

Discrimination

Answer 17

To tell the difference between various stimuli.

Question 18

John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner

Answer 18

Conditioned a small boy named Albert to fear a white rat.

Question 19

Aversive conditioning

Answer 19

An unpleasant stimulus is paired with an undesired behavior to get rid of it.

Question 20

Second order/higher order conditioning

Answer 20

A CS is able to elicit a CR without ever being associated with the US, aka using a CS as a US to condition the response to a new stimulus.

Question 21

Learned taste aversion

Answer 21

Biologically prepared for it, one develops an aversion to food that creates nausea.

Question 22

John Garcia and Robert Koelling

Answer 22

Performed an experiment on rats illustrating biological preparedness in classical conditioning (linking loud noise with shock and unusual tastes to nausea).

Question 23

Operant conditioning

Answer 23

A kind of classical conditioning based on the association of consequences with behavior.

Question 24

Edwar Thorndike

Answer 24

Created the law of effect.

Question 25

Law of effect

Answer 25

If consequences are pleasant, then the stimulus-response connection strengthens and behavior becomes more likely, if consequences unpleasant, connection weakens. Described as instrumental learning.

Question 26

Instrumental learning

Answer 26

A type of learning in which behaviors are strengthened or weakened by their consequences.

Question 27

B.F Skinner

Answer 27

Coined the term operant conditioning and invented the Skinner Box.

Question 28

Skinner box

Answer 28

Delivers food to animal is animal does a certain task.

Question 29

Reinforcer

Answer 29

Something that increases the likelihood that a specific behavior or response will occur.

Question 30

Reinforcement

Answer 30

The application of the reinforcer.

Question 31

Positive reinforcement

Answer 31

Addition of smth pleasant.

Question 32

Negative reinforcement

Answer 32

Removal of something unpleasant.

Question 33

Escape learning

Answer 33

Comes from negative reinforcement, in which one learns to get rid of unpleasant stimulus.

Question 34

Avoidance learning

Answer 34

One learns to avoid unpleasant stimulus.

Question 35

Punishment

Answer 35

A consequence that tries to reduce undesirable behavior from happening again

Question 36

2 types of punishment

Answer 36

Omission training/negative punishment, positive punishment.

Question 37

Omission training/negative punishment

Answer 37

Removal of something pleasant

Question 38

Positive punishment

Answer 38

Addition of something unpleasant.

Question 39

Shaping

Answer 39

A method of increasing a behavior through reinforcement of approximations of that behavior.

Question 40

Chaining

Answer 40

Aims to link together a number of separate behaviors into a more complex activity, similar to shaping.

Question 41

Primary reinforcers

Answer 41

Things that motivate behavior because they satiate an individual's basic survival needs.

Question 42

Secondary reinforcers

Answer 42

Things we have learned to value.

Question 43

Generalized reinforcer

Answer 43

Something that has been associated with many different reinforcing consequences, like money, can create a token economy.

Question 44

Token economy

Answer 44

People are rewarded tokens for desired behavior, which can be traded for other reinforcers.

Question 45

Premack Principle

Answer 45

States that the effectiveness of certain reinforcements depends on the context.

Question 46

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 46

When new behaviors are being taught, rewards are the best.

Question 47

Partial reinforcement effect

Answer 47

Behaviors will become more resistant to extinction if the subject is not reinforced continuously.

Question 48

Reinforcement schedules

Answer 48

Ratio schedules (the number of responses) or interval schedules (the passage of time), fixed schedules (constant) or variable schedules (changing).

Question 49

Fixed-ratio

Answer 49

Provides reinforcement after a set number of responses.

Question 50

Variable ratio

Answer 50

Provides reinforcement after a constantly changing number of responses.

Question 51

Fixed interval

Answer 51

Requires a set amount of time to pass before a response results in a reward.

Question 52

Instinctive drift

Answer 52

Tendencies for animals to pursue their typical patterns and despite a reward.

Question 53

Variable interval

Answer 53

Provides a reward for a response after a varied amount of time.

Question 54

Contiguity model

Answer 54

States that the more 2 things are placed together, the more learning will take place.

Question 55

Robert Rescorla

Answer 55

Created the contingency model.

Question 56

Contingency model

Answer 56

Proposes that for learning to take place, a stimulus must provide the subject info about the likelihood that certain events will occur.

Question 57

Albert Bandura

Answer 57

Studied modeling

Question 58

Modelling

Answer 58

Only occurs between members of the same species, contains observation and imitation.

Question 59

Edward Tolman

Answer 59

Studied latent learning.

Question 60

Latent learning

Answer 60

Learning only becomes obvious once reinforcement is given.

Question 61

Abstract learning

Answer 61

Involves understanding concepts like "tree."

Question 62

Wolfgang Kohler

Answer 62

Studies insight learning.

Question 63

Insight learning

Answer 63

Occurs when one suddenly realizes how to solve a problem.