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Psychology > AP psychology chapter 6 > Flashcards

AP psychology chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

Long-lasting changes in behavior resulting from experiences.

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2
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Discovered classical conditioning.

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3
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Learning to associate neutral stimuli with stimuli that produce reflexive/involuntary responses.

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4
Q

Unconditioned stimuli

A

The original, reflexive stimulus.

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5
Q

Unconditioned response

A

The involuntary response to the US.

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6
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

When the neutral stimulus becomes reflexive.

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7
Q

Conditioned response

A

Response to conditioned stimulus.

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8
Q

Pavlovian Paradigm

A

Food = US, which elicits salivating (UR), bell = neutral stimuli, becomes CS once it elicits salivation (CR).

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9
Q

Acquisition

A

Once there is a response to the CS without presentation of the US.

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10
Q

Delayed conditioning

A

In which the CS is presented before the US, but the US is introduced while the CS is still evident. Most effective.

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11
Q

Trace conditioning

A

The presentation of the CS, followed by a short break, followed by the US.

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12
Q

Simultaneous conditioning

A

CS and US are presented at the same time.

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13
Q

Backward conditioning.

A

US is presented first followed by CS.

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14
Q

Extinction.

A

Unlearning a behavior, when the CS no longer elicits a CR.

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15
Q

Spontaneous recovery.

A

After extinction and no further training of animals has taken place, response briefly reappears upon presentation of CS.

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16
Q

Generalization

A

Tendency to respond to similar CS’s.

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17
Q

Discrimination

A

To tell the difference between various stimuli.

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18
Q

John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner

A

Conditioned a small boy named Albert to fear a white rat.

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19
Q

Aversive conditioning

A

An unpleasant stimulus is paired with an undesired behavior to get rid of it.

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20
Q

Second order/higher order conditioning

A

A CS is able to elicit a CR without ever being associated with the US, aka using a CS as a US to condition the response to a new stimulus.

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21
Q

Learned taste aversion

A

Biologically prepared for it, one develops an aversion to food that creates nausea.

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22
Q

John Garcia and Robert Koelling

A

Performed an experiment on rats illustrating biological preparedness in classical conditioning (linking loud noise with shock and unusual tastes to nausea).

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23
Q

Operant conditioning

A

A kind of classical conditioning based on the association of consequences with behavior.

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24
Q

Edwar Thorndike

A

Created the law of effect.

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25
Q

Law of effect

A

If consequences are pleasant, then the stimulus-response connection strengthens and behavior becomes more likely, if consequences unpleasant, connection weakens. Described as instrumental learning.

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26
Q

Instrumental learning

A

A type of learning in which behaviors are strengthened or weakened by their consequences.

27
Q

B.F Skinner

A

Coined the term operant conditioning and invented the Skinner Box.

28
Q

Skinner box

A

Delivers food to animal is animal does a certain task.

29
Q

Reinforcer

A

Something that increases the likelihood that a specific behavior or response will occur.

30
Q

Reinforcement

A

The application of the reinforcer.

31
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Addition of smth pleasant.

32
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Removal of something unpleasant.

33
Q

Escape learning

A

Comes from negative reinforcement, in which one learns to get rid of unpleasant stimulus.

34
Q

Avoidance learning

A

One learns to avoid unpleasant stimulus.

35
Q

Punishment

A

A consequence that tries to reduce undesirable behavior from happening again

36
Q

2 types of punishment

A

Omission training/negative punishment, positive punishment.

37
Q

Omission training/negative punishment

A

Removal of something pleasant

38
Q

Positive punishment

A

Addition of something unpleasant.

39
Q

Shaping

A

A method of increasing a behavior through reinforcement of approximations of that behavior.

40
Q

Chaining

A

Aims to link together a number of separate behaviors into a more complex activity, similar to shaping.

41
Q

Primary reinforcers

A

Things that motivate behavior because they satiate an individual’s basic survival needs.

42
Q

Secondary reinforcers

A

Things we have learned to value.

43
Q

Generalized reinforcer

A

Something that has been associated with many different reinforcing consequences, like money, can create a token economy.

44
Q

Token economy

A

People are rewarded tokens for desired behavior, which can be traded for other reinforcers.

45
Q

Premack Principle

A

States that the effectiveness of certain reinforcements depends on the context.

46
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

When new behaviors are being taught, rewards are the best.

47
Q

Partial reinforcement effect

A

Behaviors will become more resistant to extinction if the subject is not reinforced continuously.

48
Q

Reinforcement schedules

A

Ratio schedules (the number of responses) or interval schedules (the passage of time), fixed schedules (constant) or variable schedules (changing).

49
Q

Fixed-ratio

A

Provides reinforcement after a set number of responses.

50
Q

Variable ratio

A

Provides reinforcement after a constantly changing number of responses.

51
Q

Fixed interval

A

Requires a set amount of time to pass before a response results in a reward.

52
Q

Instinctive drift

A

Tendencies for animals to pursue their typical patterns and despite a reward.

53
Q

Variable interval

A

Provides a reward for a response after a varied amount of time.

54
Q

Contiguity model

A

States that the more 2 things are placed together, the more learning will take place.

55
Q

Robert Rescorla

A

Created the contingency model.

56
Q

Contingency model

A

Proposes that for learning to take place, a stimulus must provide the subject info about the likelihood that certain events will occur.

57
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Studied modeling

58
Q

Modelling

A

Only occurs between members of the same species, contains observation and imitation.

59
Q

Edward Tolman

A

Studied latent learning.

60
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning only becomes obvious once reinforcement is given.

61
Q

Abstract learning

A

Involves understanding concepts like “tree.”

62
Q

Wolfgang Kohler

A

Studies insight learning.

63
Q

Insight learning

A

Occurs when one suddenly realizes how to solve a problem.

Psychology (12 decks)

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