Anxiety and Sleep pharmacology

Question 0

Portion of the brain that processes incoming stimuli and encodes it into memories

Answer 0

hippocampus

Question 1

Part of the brain that signals that a threat is present and triggers a fear response or anxiety and has a role in storage of emotional memories

Answer 1

amygdala

Question 2

Mechanism of action of buspirone

Answer 2

5HT1A receptor partial agonist

Question 3

Mechanism of action of benzodiazepines

Answer 3

enhance the response of GABA by facilitating the opening of GABA-A receptors

Question 4

GABA-A subunits required for GABA binding

Answer 4

alpha and beta

Question 5

GABA-A subunits required for BZD binding

Answer 5

alpha and gamma

Question 6

Ion that travels through GABA-A channels

Answer 6

Chloride

Question 7

5 BZDs used in insomnia

Answer 7

1. Triazolam
2. Temazopam
3. Quazepam
4. Estazolam
5. Furazolam

Question 8

3 novel BZD receptor agonists

Answer 8

1. Zalepion
2. Zolpidem
3. Eszzopiolone

Question 9

GABA subunit that is important for sedative and amnesia effects of BZDs

Answer 9

alpha-1

Question 10

GABA receptor that is important for the anxiolytic effects of BZDs

Answer 10

alpha-2

Question 11

BZD antagonist that is used clinically to reverse sedative action of BZDs in acute overdose or when used during anesthesia

Answer 11

Flumazenil

Question 12

area of the brain that controls circadian rhythm

Answer 12

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus

Question 13

Small portion of the brain where melatonin is synthesized

Answer 13

pineal gland

Question 14

specialized secretory cells that secrete meletonin

Answer 14

pinealocytes

Question 15

The precursor of melatonin

Answer 15

tryptophan

Question 16

Mechanism of action of ramelteon

Answer 16

melatonin receptor (MT1 and MT2) antagonist

Question 17

Mechanism of action of diphenhydramine and doxylamine

Answer 17

H1 histamine receptor antagonists

Question 18

Location of the brain where histamine is produced

Answer 18

tuberomammillary nucleus in the posterior hypothalamus

Question 19

Precursor of histamine

Answer 19

Histadine

Question 20

TCA that is FDA approved for insomnia characterized by sleep maintenance difficulty

Answer 20

Doxepin

Question 21

CNS depressant that may be used for insomnia

Answer 21

Chloral hydrate

Question 22

Active metabolite of chloral hydrate that gives its sedative effects

Answer 22

triclorothanol

Question 23

Neurons that are lost in patients with narcolepsy

Answer 23

orexin neurons

Question 24

Medication that is an orexin receptor (OX1 and OX2) antagonist

Answer 24

Suvorexant

Question 25

The best established pathway for reinforcement

Answer 25

the dopaminergic projection from the ventral tagmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens

Question 26

Where cell bodies of dopiminergic neurons originate from

Answer 26

Ventral tagmental area (VTA)