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Pharm Unit 6: AntiMicrobials > Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

Enfurvitide (Fuzeon/T20) Misc

A

Injection only

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2
Q

Trimethoprim Class

A

Antimetabolite (DHFR Inhibitor)

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3
Q

Sulfamethoxazole Class

A

Antimetabolite (Dihydropterate synthase inhibitor)

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4
Q

Isoniazid (INH) Class

A

Antitubercular antimetabolite

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5
Q

Rifampin Class

A

Antitibuercular antimetabolite

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6
Q

Pyrazinamide Class

A

Antitubercular antimetabolite

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7
Q

Ethambutol Class

A

Antitubercular antimetabolite

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8
Q

Acyclovir (Zovirax) Class

A

Purine analog (guanosine)

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9
Q

Ganciclovir (Zirgan) Class

A

Purine analog (guanine)

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10
Q

Foscarnet (Foscavir) Class

A

Pyrophosphate congener

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11
Q

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) Class

A

Neuraminidase inhibitor

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12
Q

Zidovudine (Retrovir/AZT) Class

A

NRTIs

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13
Q

Efavirenz (Sustiva/EFV) Class

A

NNRTIs

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14
Q

Ritonavir (Norvir/RTV) Class

A

Protease inhibitors

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15
Q

Enfurvitide (Fuzeon/T20) Class

A

Fusion inhibitors

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16
Q

Raltegravir (Isentress) Class

A

HIV integrase inhibitor

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17
Q

Amphotericin B Class

A

Polyene / Cell membrane inhibitor

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18
Q

Nystatin Class

A

Polyene / Cell membrane inhibitor

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19
Q

Clotrimazole (lotrimin); Fluconazole (diflucan) Class

A

Azole / Cell wall synthesis inhibitor

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20
Q

Tolnaftate; Terbinafine (lamisil) Class

A

Allylamine / Cell wall synthesis inhibitor

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21
Q

Capsofungin (Cancidas) Class

A

Echinocandin / Cell wall synthesis inhibitor

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22
Q

Flucytosine (Ancobon) Class

A

Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor

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23
Q

Trimethoprim MOA

A

inhibits dihydrofolic acid reduction to tetrahydrofolate resulting in sequential inhibition of enzymes of the folic acid pathway

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24
Q

Sulfamethoxazole MOA

A

interferes with bacterial folic acid synthesis and growth via inhibition of dihydrofolic acid formation from paraaminobenzoic acid (PABA)

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25
Q

Isoniazid (INH) MOA

A

binds to and inhibits enzymes necessary for mycobacterium cell wall synthesis

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26
Q

Rifampin MOA

A

inhibits mRNA synthesis in bacteria

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27
Q

Pyrazinamide MOA

A

unknown; it is known to be bacteriocidal when used in combination with IHN, rifampin, and ethambutol

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28
Q

Ethambutol MOA

A

inhibits enzyme that is involved with mycobacterium cell wall synthesis

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29
Q

Acyclovir (Zovirax) MOA

A

Binding to enzymes produce inactive compounds, which stop nucleic acid synthesis

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30
Q

Ganciclovir (Zirgan) MOA

A

Binding to enzymes produce inactive compounds, which stop nucleic acid synthesis

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31
Q

Foscarnet (Foscavir) MOA

A

Binding to enzymes produce inactive compounds, which stop nucleic acid synthesis; highly ionized (no oral utility, renal excretion)

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32
Q

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) MOA

A

Prevent viral release from host cells

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33
Q

Zidovudine (Retrovir/AZT) MOA

A

Inhibits reverse transcriptase

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34
Q

Efavirenz (Sustiva/EFV) MOA

A

bind directly to reverse transcriptase and inhibit its action

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35
Q

Ritonavir (Norvir/RTV) MOA

A

bind within active pocket of protease, inhibiting binding of virus

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36
Q

Enfurvitide (Fuzeon/T20) MOA

A

prevents fusion of virus into host cell

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37
Q

Raltegravir (Isentress) MOA

A

necessary for insertion of viral DNA into human genomic DNA

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38
Q

Amphotericin B MOA

A

drug binds to ergosterol in fungal plasma membrane –> forms pores that disrupt fungal membrane –> reuslts in fungal cell death

39
Q

Nystatin MOA

A

Pores are formed in the fungal cell membrane, allowing leakage of K+ and Mg+

40
Q

Clotrimazole (lotrimin); Fluconazole (diflucan) MOA

A

Inhibit ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting lanosterol demethylase

41
Q

Tolnaftate; Terbinafine (lamisil) MOA

A

Inhibit ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting squalene epoxidase

42
Q

Capsofungin (Cancidas) MOA

A

Inhibits glucan synthase complex

43
Q

Flucytosine (Ancobon) MOA

A

Prodrug converted by fungal enzyme to analog inhibitor of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis

44
Q

Trimethoprim Therapies

A

Uncomplicated UTIs; Pneumocystis pneumonia & Toxoplasmosis infections in immunocompromised patients

45
Q

Sulfamethoxazole Therapies

A

Uncomplicated UTIs; Pneumocystis pneumonia & Toxoplasmosis infections in immunocompromised patients

46
Q

Isoniazid (INH) Therapies

A

TB

47
Q

Rifampin Therapies

A

TB

48
Q

Pyrazinamide Therapies

A

TB

49
Q

Ethambutol Therapies

A

TB

50
Q

Acyclovir (Zovirax) Therapies

A

HSV, VZV (requires higher dose than HSV)

51
Q

Ganciclovir (Zirgan) Therapies

A

Treatment & prophylaxis of CMV retinitis in HIV

52
Q

Foscarnet (Foscavir) Therapies

A

Broad spectrum (HSV/VZV/CMV, and RNA viruses (including HIV))

53
Q

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) Therapies

A

Influenza A, influenza B, H1N1 (treat within 1-2 days of symptoms to speed functional recovery, decrease viral shedding duration)

54
Q

Zidovudine (Retrovir/AZT) Therapies

A

HIV

55
Q

Efavirenz (Sustiva/EFV) Therapies

A

HIV

56
Q

Ritonavir (Norvir/RTV) Therapies

A

HIV

57
Q

Enfurvitide (Fuzeon/T20) Therapies

A

HIV

58
Q

Raltegravir (Isentress) Therapies

A

HIV

59
Q

Amphotericin B Therapies

A

life threatening systemic infections

60
Q

Nystatin Therapies

A

Topically (powder) against superficial fungal infections (candidiasis only)

61
Q

Clotrimazole (lotrimin); Fluconazole (diflucan) Therapies

A

Workhorses for candidiases and dermatophytes (troche dosage form very useful due to mucosal contact time)

62
Q

Tolnaftate; Terbinafine (lamisil) Therapies

A

Topical dermatophytes (limited utility against candida)

63
Q

Capsofungin (Cancidas) Therapies

A

Life-threatening fungal infections unresponsive to older agents (especially candida, aspergillus)

64
Q

Flucytosine (Ancobon) Therapies

A

Used in combo with amphotericin B in life threatening fungal infections in immunocompromised patients

65
Q

Trimethoprim SE

A

rash (SJS), bone marrow suppression

66
Q

Sulfamethoxazole SE

A

rash (SJS), bone marrow suppression

67
Q

Isoniazid (INH) SE

A

peripheral neuritis (most common); hepatitis and hepatotoxicity (most severe)

68
Q

Rifampin SE

A

nausea, vomiting, rash

69
Q

Pyrazinamide SE

A

hepatitis, acute gout

70
Q

Ethambutol SE

A

optic neuritis (most common)

71
Q

Acyclovir (Zovirax) SE

A

malaise, HA, N/V/D, Low toxicity (CNS side effects if improper dosage in context of renal failure)

72
Q

Ganciclovir (Zirgan) SE

A

Neutropenia, thrombocytopenia; adverse CNS effects

73
Q

Foscarnet (Foscavir) SE

A

Dose-dependent renal, electrolyte/metabolic abrnormalities, and CNS toxicities

74
Q

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) SE

A

Neuropsychiatric toxicity has been reported

75
Q

Zidovudine (Retrovir/AZT) SE

A

Granulocytopenia; N & V; anemia

76
Q

Efavirenz (Sustiva/EFV) SE

A

CNS symtpoms, vivid dreams, drowsiness, teratogenic

77
Q

Ritonavir (Norvir/RTV) SE

A

Lipodystrophy syndrome (hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, fat distribution)

78
Q

Enfurvitide (Fuzeon/T20) SE

A

local injection sight reaction, increased rate of bacterial pneumonia

79
Q

Raltegravir (Isentress) SE

A

nausea, HA, diarrhea, myopathy & rhabdomyolysis

80
Q

Amphotericin B SE

A

fever, chills, kidney failure, hypotension, andemia, hypomagensemia, hypokalemia

81
Q

Nystatin SE

A
82
Q

Clotrimazole (lotrimin); Fluconazole (diflucan) SE

A

Hepatotoxicity (rarely); inhibits CYP450

83
Q

Tolnaftate; Terbinafine (lamisil) SE

A

Hepatotoxicity (rarely)

84
Q

Capsofungin (Cancidas) SE

A

very few side effects, hepatotoxicity (rarely)

85
Q

Flucytosine (Ancobon) SE

A

Sloughing of GI mucosa; centrolobular hepatitis; bone marrow cytopenias

86
Q

Trimethoprim Misc

A

usually given as combo with sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)

87
Q

Sulfamethoxazole Misc

A

Usually given as combo with trimethoprim (Bactrim)

88
Q

Foscarnet (Foscavir) Misc

A

Used for invasive HSV/VZV infections from acyclovir resistant strains; alternative to ganciclovir for CMV

89
Q

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) Misc

A

Prophylaxis considered if in high-risk confined populations (nursing homes) or post-exposure prophylaxis for family members at high risk for severe disease

90
Q

Enfurvitide (Fuzeon/T20) Misc

A

injection only

91
Q

Nystatin Misc

A

Not use against dermatophytes

92
Q

Clotrimazole (lotrimin); Fluconazole (diflucan) Misc

A

Clotrimazole = topical; fluconazole = systemic

93
Q

Tolnaftate; Terbinafine (lamisil) Misc

A

Terbinafine (effective against onychomycoses); tolnaftate (oral only; weak agent)

Pharm Unit 6: AntiMicrobials (15 decks)

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