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Antifungal/viral/parasitic/malaria Flashcards

1
Q

why are fungal infections harder to treat

A

their resistance to treatment and potential toxicity to human cells

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2
Q

What are superficial fungal infections primarily associated with?

A

Skin or mucous membranes

These infections may arise when the body’s defense mechanisms are impaired.

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3
Q

What are systemic fungal infections commonly associated with?

A

Lung or central nervous system

These infections are more serious and require systemic treatment.

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4
Q

What type of antifungal drug is Clotrimazole?

A

Topical used for conditions like athlete’s foot, jock itch, and ringworm

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5
Q

What is Fluconazole (Diflucan) used for?

A

Yeast infections, including oral thrush and cryptococcal meningitis

It can be administered orally or intravenously.

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6
Q

What are the two forms of Polyenes mentioned?

A

Nystatin: for yeast infections Amphotericin B: for systemic fungal infections

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7
Q

List some common side effects of antifungal medications.

A
  • Taste changes
  • Diarrhea
  • Nausea/vomiting
  • Headache
  • Hair loss
  • Sun sensitivity
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8
Q

What is the most common adverse reaction associated with antifungal treatment?

A

Anemia

It is important to monitor blood counts during treatment.

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9
Q

Name two serious adverse effects of antifungal drugs.

A
  • Liver toxicity
  • Dysrhythmias

These can lead to significant health issues if not monitored.

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10
Q

What are common entry points for viruses into a host’s body?

A
  • Nose
  • Eyes
  • GI tract
  • Respiratory tract
  • GU tract
  • Blood
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11
Q

Name two types of common viruses.

A
  • Herpes simplex
  • Influenza

Other examples include varicella and hepatitis A & C.

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12
Q

What type of virus is HIV classified as?

A

Retrovirus

Treatment for HIV/AIDS is typically HAART, which involves multiple medications.

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13
Q

Why are viruses more difficult to eradicate than most types of bacteria?

A

They require a host cell for replication

This dependency complicates treatment strategies.

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14
Q

What are the intended responses from antiviral treatment?

A
  • Shortened duration/intensity of viral disease
  • Prevention of viral infection spread
  • Prevention of reactivation of dormant infections

Examples include herpes and shingles.

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15
Q

List some viral infections that can be prevented by vaccination.

A
  • Smallpox
  • Poliomyelitis
  • Chickenpox
  • Mumps
  • Rabies
  • Influenza
  • Hepatitis
  • Herpes simplex

Vaccinations are crucial for public health.

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16
Q

What is the antiviral medication used for herpes?

A

Acyclovir

Acyclovir is effective in treating herpes simplex virus infections.

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17
Q

What is the antiviral medication used for influenza?

A

Oseltamivir

This medication helps reduce the duration of influenza symptoms.

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18
Q

What class of medications is used for HIV treatment?

A

Antiretrovirals

Examples include lamivudine and zidovudine.

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19
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of antiherpes antiviral therapy?

A

Slows viral reproduction by creating decoy DNA bases

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20
Q

List the indications for antiherpes antiviral therapy.

A
  • Epstein-Barr virus
  • Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
  • Herpes simplex 1 & 2
  • Varicella-zoster virus
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21
Q

What are common side effects of antiherpes antiviral therapy?

A
  • Headaches
  • Dizziness
  • Nausea/vomiting
  • Rash
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22
Q

What is a notable adverse effect of antiherpes antiviral therapy?

A

Nephrotoxic, damage to the kidney

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23
Q

Nursing consideration for antiviral antiherpes therapy?

A

Reduces efficacy of Dilantin (epileptic/anti-seizure medication)
No driving
Increase fluid intake

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24
Q

example of an antiherpes antiviral medication

A

Acyclovir (Zovirax)

25
MOA of antiviral therapy for antiinfluenza?
Inhibit enzyme neuraminidase, blocks release of virus from infected cells ## Footnote This mechanism prevents the spread of the virus within the host.
26
List the indications for antiviral therapy in antiinfluenza.
* Influenza A and B * Swine influenza * Avian influenza
27
nursing consideration for antiinfluenza?
Take within 12-48 hours of onset symptoms shortens the duration of illness but does not cure it
28
Example of an antiviral medication used for antiinfluenza.
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
29
Adverse Effects
Serious skin hypersensivity reactions Neuropsychiatric symptoms, especially in children
30
Side Effects
nausea/vomiting Diarrhea Dizziness headache
31
MOA of antiviral therapy for antihepatitis?
Inhibit translation of viral mRNA into viral proteins Prevents replication of hepatitis virus
32
What are the indications for antiviral therapy in antihepatitis?
* Chronic hepatitis * Hepatitis B * Hepatitis C
33
Side effect of antihepatitis antiviral therapy?
* Dark urine * General tiredness and weakness * Light-colored stools * Nausea and vomiting * Upper right abdomen or stomach pain * Yellow eyes and skin
34
Adverse effects of antiviral therapy for antihepatitis?
* Severe acute exacerbation of Hep B * Nephrotoxicity * Lactic Acidosis * Severe hepatomegaly
35
Nursing consideration for antiviral therapy for antihepatitis?
-to maintain liver function when active disease is present -May promote resistance to antiretroviral -treatment is typically last over a year
36
Provide an example of an antihepatitis medication.
Adefovir (Hepsera)
37
When should Nirmatrelvir with Ritonavir be started?
Within 5 days of when symptoms start
38
When should Remdesivir be started?
Within 7 days of when symptoms start
39
How is Remdesivir administered?
Intravenous (IV) infusions at a healthcare facility for 3 consecutive days ## Footnote This method requires medical supervision.
40
When should Molnupiravir be started?
Within 5 days of when symptoms start
41
Antiviral therapy for covid 19
Nirmatrelvir w/ritonavir (paxlovid) Remdesivir (Veklury) Molnupiravir (Lagevrio)
42
MOA of Nucleoside-Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors?
Impedes virus replication
43
What are the indications for using Nucleoside-Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors?
HIV
44
Side effects of Nucleoside-Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors.
* Dark urine * General tiredness and weakness * Nausea and vomiting
45
Adverse effects from Nucleoside-Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors?
* Lactic Acidosis * Severe hepatomegaly * Pancreatitis (sudden abdominal pain, nausea, yellow tinge of the skin or eye)
46
Nursing considerations when administering Nucleoside-Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors?
-Monitor I&O -Renal labs closely -Safe sex practices ## Footnote Renal impairment may occur with these medications.
47
example of a combination drug containing Nucleoside-Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors?
Lamivudine-zidovudine (Combivir) ## Footnote This combination is commonly prescribed for HIV treatmet.
48
Antihelmintic drugs
mebendazole, pyrantel pamoate or albendazole
49
how are antihelmintic dosage given
1st dose then another single dose 2 weeks later
50
Antiprotozoals
Giardia (parasite)
51
What is the active ingredient in Flagyl?
metronidazole ## Footnote Metronidazole is the medication used to treat Giardia and other conditions.
52
What does metronidazole inhibit in protozoans?
folic acid synthesis, impairs the cell's function
53
Indications for the use of Flagyl.
* Giardia * Acne rosacea * Bacterial vaginosis * Trichomonas
54
What are some common side effects of metronidazole?
* Dizziness * Dry mouth * Darkening of urine * Will TURN RED with alcohol usage
55
Adverse effects associated with metronidazole?
* Seizures * Peripheral neuropathy * Psychotic effects * Hepatotoxicity
56
What reaction occurs when alcohol is consumed with metronidazole?
disulfiram-like reaction (nausea, vomiting, flushing, dizziness, and throbbing headache)
57
What should be considered when administering metronidazole?
Use cautiously with: * Hepatic impairment * CNS disease * Blood dyscrasias
58
what is malaria? what are the side effects?
-A mosquito-borne disease caused by a parasite -S/E fever, chills, flu-like illness

Pharmacology (27 decks)

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